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RE: I want my own IPs
by Joe Johnson 12 Nov '04

12 Nov '04

The biggest issue has always been timing. We've caught ourselves a few times with 5 IP addresses left and had to wait to sign new customers up for a while until ARIN got back to us. Luckily, stiring up the pool of IP's usually gets a dozen or so to drop out that we missed as being available. Joe Johnson JMDN.net -----Original Message----- From: owner-nanog(a)merit.edu [mailto:owner-nanog@merit.edu] On Behalf Of Bill Woodcock Sent: Friday, November 12, 2004 12:25 PM To: Philip Lavine Cc: nanog Subject: Re: I want my own IPs On Fri, 12 Nov 2004, Philip Lavine wrote: > I have recently been turned down by ARIN for an > address block. I currently have 4 /24's from ISP's and > would like IP independence. How do I convince ARIN to > give me a block -- /20 I guess? It's not a matter of convincing, it's a matter of demonstrating need. If you're actually _using_ the four /24s, you can demonstrate a need for a /22 today. So a good first step would be to use the four /24s until they're full. Second step would be to apply to ARIN for a /22 to replace them. Renumber into that. Then keep applying to ARIN for more space as you need it. -Bill

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Re: I am new to the list and have some questions about Black Holes
by Charles Cala 12 Nov '04

12 Nov '04

Here are some links about black holes.. The interesting thing about black holes is that nothing �should� come out of them, (according to Steven Hawking) but he (hawking) later revised his theory saying something DOES make it out of the black hole, information. This I believe is where management gets their ideas from, some place where random bits of the universe got tossed, everybody thought that those things were gone for good, but no� little bits of them leaked out. http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/bh_home.html http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/BlackHoles.html or perhaps you want to get info on BGP black holes http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=black++holes+hole+bgp&btnG=Search if I go to http://www.merit.edu/mail.archives/nanog/ and enter _ black hole _ in the little search window, I get hundreds of results, if I use _ blackhole _ I get over a thousand -charles

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RE: I am new to the list and have some questions about Black Hole s
by Hannigan, Martin 12 Nov '04

12 Nov '04

Some of them are questionable. :) There's some useful information about this and the list here: http://www.nanog.org/listfaq.html -- Martin Hannigan (c) 617-388-2663 VeriSign, Inc. (w) 703-948-7018 Network Engineer IV Operations & Infrastructure hannigan(a)verisign.com > -----Original Message----- > From: owner-nanog(a)merit.edu [mailto:owner-nanog@merit.edu] > Sent: Friday, November 12, 2004 12:45 PM > To: tonyatnanog(a)hotmail.com > Cc: nanog(a)merit.edu > Subject: Re: I am new to the list and have some questions about Black > Holes > > > > > They suck. > > - ferg > > > -- "Tony Pace" <tonyatnanog(a)hotmail.com> wrote: > > I am new to the list and have some questions about Black Holes > > Tony > > -- > "Fergie", a.k.a. Paul Ferguson > Engineering Architecture for the Internet > fergdawg(a)netzero.net or > fergdawg(a)sbcglobal.net >

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Weekly Routing Table Report
by Routing Table Analysis 12 Nov '04

12 Nov '04

This is an automated weekly mailing describing the state of the Internet Routing Table as seen from APNIC's router in Japan. Daily listings are sent to bgp-stats(a)lists.apnic.net If you have any comments please contact Philip Smith <pfs(a)cisco.com>. Routing Table Report 04:00 +10GMT Sat 13 Nov, 2004 Analysis Summary ---------------- BGP routing table entries examined: 150665 Prefixes after maximum aggregation: 88779 Unique aggregates announced to Internet: 71952 Total ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 18421 Origin-only ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 16001 Origin ASes announcing only one prefix: 7507 Transit ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 2420 Transit-only ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 73 Average AS path length visible in the Internet Routing Table: 4.5 Max AS path length visible: 25 Prefixes from unregistered ASNs in the Routing Table: 7 Special use prefixes present in the Routing Table: 0 Prefixes being announced from unallocated address space: 15 Number of addresses announced to Internet: 1351706232 Equivalent to 80 /8s, 145 /16s and 102 /24s Percentage of available address space announced: 36.5 Percentage of allocated address space announced: 58.9 Percentage of available address space allocated: 61.9 Total number of prefixes smaller than registry allocations: 69418 APNIC Region Analysis Summary ----------------------------- Prefixes being announced by APNIC Region ASes: 29210 Total APNIC prefixes after maximum aggregation: 14381 Prefixes being announced from the APNIC address blocks: 27317 Unique aggregates announced from the APNIC address blocks: 14188 APNIC Region origin ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 2161 APNIC Region origin ASes announcing only one prefix: 650 APNIC Region transit ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 330 Average APNIC Region AS path length visible: 4.4 Max APNIC Region AS path length visible: 16 Number of APNIC addresses announced to Internet: 166390400 Equivalent to 9 /8s, 234 /16s and 234 /24s Percentage of available APNIC address space announced: 75.9 APNIC AS Blocks 4608-4864, 7467-7722, 9216-10239, 17408-18431 23552-24575 APNIC Address Blocks 58/7, 60/7, 202/7, 210/7, 218/7, 220/7 and 222/8 ARIN Region Analysis Summary ---------------------------- Prefixes being announced by ARIN Region ASes: 85580 Total ARIN prefixes after maximum aggregation: 51859 Prefixes being announced from the ARIN address blocks: 65489 Unique aggregates announced from the ARIN address blocks: 23503 ARIN Region origin ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 9704 ARIN Region origin ASes announcing only one prefix: 3509 ARIN Region transit ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 941 Average ARIN Region AS path length visible: 4.3 Max ARIN Region AS path length visible: 18 Number of ARIN addresses announced to Internet: 235258640 Equivalent to 14 /8s, 5 /16s and 195 /24s Percentage of available ARIN address space announced: 70.1 ARIN AS Blocks 1-1876, 1902-2042, 2044-2046, 2048-2106 2138-2584, 2615-2772, 2823-2829, 2880-3153 3354-4607, 4865-5119, 5632-6655, 6912-7466 7723-8191, 10240-12287, 13312-15359, 16384-17407 18432-20479, 21504-23551, 25600-26591, 26624-27647,29695-30719, 31744-33791 ARIN Address Blocks 24/8, 63/8, 64/6, 68/7, 70/7, 72/8, 198/7, 204/6, 208/7 and 216/8 RIPE Region Analysis Summary ---------------------------- Prefixes being announced by RIPE Region ASes: 28029 Total RIPE prefixes after maximum aggregation: 19483 Prefixes being announced from the RIPE address blocks: 24785 Unique aggregates announced from the RIPE address blocks: 16295 RIPE Region origin ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 5991 RIPE Region origin ASes announcing only one prefix: 3211 RIPE Region transit ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 1025 Average RIPE Region AS path length visible: 5.1 Max RIPE Region AS path length visible: 25 Number of RIPE addresses announced to Internet: 178798976 Equivalent to 10 /8s, 168 /16s and 65 /24s Percentage of available RIPE address space announced: 62.7 RIPE AS Blocks 1877-1901, 2043, 2047, 2107-2136, 2585-2614 2773-2822, 2830-2879, 3154-3353, 5377-5631 6656-6911, 8192-9215, 12288-13311, 15360-16383 20480-21503, 24576-25599, 28672-29695 30720-31743, 33792-34815 RIPE Address Blocks 62/8, 80/5, 88/8, 188/8, 193/8, 194/7, 212/7 and 217/8 LACNIC Region Analysis Summary ------------------------------ Prefixes being announced by LACNIC Region ASes: 6576 Total LACNIC prefixes after maximum aggregation: 2354 Prefixes being announced from the LACNIC address blocks: 6413 Unique aggregates announced from the LACNIC address blocks: 3952 LACNIC Region origin ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 401 LACNIC Region origin ASes announcing only one prefix: 116 LACNIC Region transit ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 79 Average LACNIC Region AS path length visible: 5.0 Max LACNIC Region AS path length visible: 18 Number of LACNIC addresses announced to Internet: 16480512 Equivalent to 0 /8s, 251 /16s and 121 /24s Percentage of available LACNIC address space announced: 49.1 LACNIC AS Blocks 26592-26623, 27648-28671 LACNIC Address Blocks 200/7 Emerging AfriNIC Region Analysis Summary ---------------------------------------- Prefixes being announced by AfriNIC Region ASes: 1265 Total AfriNIC prefixes after maximum aggregation: 702 Prefixes being announced from the AfriNIC address blocks: 874 Unique aggregates announced from the AfriNIC address blocks: 669 AfriNIC Region origin ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 93 AfriNIC Region origin ASes announcing only one prefix: 21 AfriNIC Region transit ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 12 Average AfriNIC Region AS path length visible: 4.5 Max AfriNIC Region AS path length visible: 16 Number of AfriNIC addresses announced to Internet: 2068992 Equivalent to 0 /8s, 31 /16s and 146 /24s Percentage of available AfriNIC address space announced: 12.3 AfriNIC AS Blocks <none> AfriNIC Address Blocks 196/8 APNIC Region per AS prefix count summary ---------------------------------------- ASN No of nets /20 equiv MaxAgg Description 4134 856 4407 163 Data Communications Bureau 1221 799 1183 573 Telstra Pty Ltd 9583 554 43 42 Satyam Infoway Ltd., 4766 546 3408 268 Korea Internet Exchange for " 4755 376 133 61 Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Aut 17676 374 5596 54 XTAGE CORPORATION 2907 354 1857 328 SINET Japan 9443 354 69 80 Primus Telecommunications 9929 344 161 33 China Netcom Corp. 703 316 346 244 UUNET 17557 315 23 156 Pakistan Telecom 2764 288 273 235 connect.com.au pty ltd 7474 267 268 198 Optus Communications Pty Ltd 4802 234 28 142 Wantree Development 9942 233 72 125 COMindico Australia 9800 230 380 70 CHINA UNICOM 7563 228 48 165 Korea Internet Infrastructure 9498 220 81 52 BHARTI BT INTERNET LTD. 10036 216 20 197 C&M Communication Co. Ltd. 4814 208 232 6 China Telecom (Group) ARIN Region per AS prefix count summary --------------------------------------- ASN No of nets /20 equiv MaxAgg Description 7018 1421 6633 986 AT&T WorldNet Services 701 1247 8417 892 UUNET Technologies, Inc. 721 1016 21013 299 DLA Systems Automation Center 1239 924 2880 612 Sprint 2386 849 530 610 AT&T Data Communications Serv 6197 819 514 311 BellSouth Network Solutions, 4323 796 670 217 Time Warner Telecom 18566 751 208 6 Covad Communications 209 660 3429 506 Qwest 3356 635 10944 458 Level 3 Communications, LLC 20115 601 461 323 Charter Communications 3561 558 2414 422 Cable & Wireless USA 852 522 1142 400 Telus Advanced Communications 7843 497 711 98 Adelphia Corp. 7132 445 8286 377 SBC Internet Services 6198 437 349 210 BellSouth Network Solutions, 6478 426 738 98 AT&T Worldnet Services 5668 414 87 18 Century Telephone 27364 413 36 19 Armstrong Cable Services 22909 412 863 61 Comcast Cable Corporation RIPE Region per AS prefix count summary --------------------------------------- ASN No of nets /20 equiv MaxAgg Description 702 631 2026 523 UUNET - Commercial IP service 3320 299 2996 235 Deutsche Telekom AG 8220 280 463 266 COLT Internet - International 3301 276 1099 267 TeliaNet Sweden 3300 256 167 81 AUCS Communications Services 21502 253 40 3 NUMERICABLE is a cabled netwo 680 251 2025 239 DFN-IP service G-WiN 3246 219 477 215 Song Networks 13083 217 51 8 Mannesmann Datenverarbeitung 1257 203 726 174 SWIPnet Swedish IP Network 8708 203 115 183 Romania Data Systems S.A. 5515 192 842 140 Sonera Solution Autonomous Sy 786 176 1794 176 The JANET IP Service 6746 160 30 130 Dynamic Network Technologies, 3215 159 940 77 France Telecom Transpac 8866 159 20 7 Bulgarian Telecommunication C 719 156 322 105 LANLINK autonomous system 3269 150 1259 68 TELECOM ITALIA 25186 148 154 104 France Telecom Transpac's Tra 5400 145 206 117 BT Ignite European Backbone LACNIC Region per AS prefix count summary ----------------------------------------- ASN No of nets /20 equiv MaxAgg Description 6140 347 139 69 ImpSat 8151 309 471 134 UniNet S.A. de C.V. 11172 211 100 55 Servicios Alestra S.A de C.V 16814 211 13 7 NSS, S.A. 6147 190 94 20 Telefonica Del Peru 11664 157 12 32 Keytech SA 6505 140 90 94 Global One Communicaoes Ltda 7303 140 64 24 Telecom Argentina Stet-France 6503 123 148 82 AVANTEL, S.A. 11992 101 9 31 Integrated Systems 14117 98 6 4 Telefonica del Sur S.A. 11556 96 48 2 Cable-Wireless Panama 11311 86 8 23 Sinectis S.A. 6535 85 7 18 Chilesat Servicios Empresari 10481 82 32 7 Prima S.A. 14420 81 5 33 ANDINATEL S.A. 4270 80 18 9 Red de Interconexion Universi 15311 77 23 37 Telefonica Empresas 5639 75 8 8 Telecommunications Services o 11340 71 21 47 Red Universitaria Nacional AfriNIC Region per AS prefix count summary ------------------------------------------ ASN No of nets /20 equiv MaxAgg Description 3741 272 649 230 The Internet Solution 2905 116 260 74 The Internetworking Company o 5536 109 16 4 Internet Egypt Network 2018 101 297 97 Tertiary Education Network 20928 52 16 1 Noor Advanced Technologies AS 24835 40 34 7 RAYA Telecom - Egypt 9129 35 3 4 UUNET Kenya 6713 31 42 10 Itissalat Al-MAGHRIB 5713 26 125 24 Telkom SA Ltd 8524 24 1 4 AUCEGYPT Autonomous System 16637 22 10 19 Johnnic e-Ventures 8452 18 20 5 TEDATA 10798 18 1 12 Standard Bank of South Africa 12258 18 3 12 Vodacom Internet Company 12455 17 4 2 Jambonet Autonomous system 21280 16 2 3 Swift Global Kenya Ltd.Is an 8346 15 7 14 SONATEL-AS Autonomous System 15706 15 4 2 Sudatel Internet Exchange Aut 15808 13 1 2 Communication Solutions Ltd i 17148 13 1 7 First National Bank Global Per AS Maximum Aggr summary ---------------------------------- ASN No of nets Net Savings Description 18566 751 745 Covad Communications 721 1016 717 DLA Systems Automation Center 4134 856 693 Data Communications Bureau 4323 796 579 Time Warner Telecom 9583 554 512 Satyam Infoway Ltd., 6197 819 508 BellSouth Network Solutions, 7843 497 399 Adelphia Corp. 5668 414 396 Century Telephone 27364 413 394 Armstrong Cable Services 22773 401 384 Cox Communications, Inc. Atla 6467 405 375 E.Spire Communications, Inc. 701 1247 355 UUNET Technologies, Inc. 22909 412 351 Comcast Cable Corporation 6478 426 328 AT&T Worldnet Services 17676 374 320 XTAGE CORPORATION 4755 376 315 Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Aut 1239 924 312 Sprint 9929 344 311 China Netcom Corp. 4355 392 293 EarthLink, Inc. 20115 601 278 Charter Communications List of Unregistered ASNs (Global) ---------------------------------- Bad AS Designation Network Transit AS Description 65006 PRIVATE 84.18.32.0/19 33831 Royal Hashemite Cour 1877 UNALLOCATED 192.108.199.0/24 1876 Southern Methodist U 5555 UNALLOCATED 192.156.8.0/24 721 DLA Systems Automati 65529 PRIVATE 216.21.199.0/24 14697 VDot.Net 33507 UNALLOCATED 216.94.118.0/24 701 UUNET Technologies, 65529 PRIVATE 216.152.237.0/24 14697 VDot.Net 65000 PRIVATE 217.68.56.0/22 29263 HAAGnet, municipalit Advertised Unallocated Addresses -------------------------------- Network Origin AS Description 132.0.0.0/10 721 DLA Systems Automation Center 137.0.0.0/13 721 DLA Systems Automation Center 158.0.0.0/13 721 DLA Systems Automation Center 192.44.0.0/19 702 UUNET - Commercial IP service 192.70.164.0/24 25689 National Research Council of 192.83.16.0/20 5515 Sonera Solution Autonomous Sy 192.83.32.0/19 5515 Sonera Solution Autonomous Sy 192.83.96.0/22 5515 Sonera Solution Autonomous Sy 192.83.100.0/24 5515 Sonera Solution Autonomous Sy 192.84.205.0/24 719 LANLINK autonomous system 192.119.135.0/24 270 NASA 192.135.50.0/24 7018 AT&T WorldNet Services 192.136.79.0/24 719 LANLINK autonomous system 192.172.0.0/19 721 DLA Systems Automation Center 192.172.11.0/24 721 DLA Systems Automation Center Number of prefixes announced per prefix length (Global) ------------------------------------------------------- /1:0 /2:0 /3:0 /4:0 /5:0 /6:0 /7:0 /8:19 /9:3 /10:7 /11:15 /12:61 /13:138 /14:314 /15:555 /16:8115 /17:2274 /18:3941 /19:9816 /20:10413 /21:7998 /22:11065 /23:12698 /24:82332 /25:252 /26:241 /27:128 /28:71 /29:54 /30:118 /31:0 /32:37 Advertised prefixes smaller than registry allocations ----------------------------------------------------- ASN No of nets Total ann. Description 18566 736 751 Covad Communications 6197 657 819 BellSouth Network Solutions, 2386 614 849 AT&T Data Communications Serv 7018 576 1421 AT&T WorldNet Services 27364 398 413 Armstrong Cable Services 9583 389 554 Satyam Infoway Ltd., 702 385 631 UUNET - Commercial IP service 1239 367 924 Sprint 4766 366 546 Korea Internet Exchange for " 5668 358 414 Century Telephone 701 352 1247 UUNET Technologies, Inc. 6198 320 437 BellSouth Network Solutions, 6467 305 405 E.Spire Communications, Inc. 6517 282 306 Yipes Communications, Inc. 20115 282 601 Charter Communications 9929 275 344 China Netcom Corp. 13609 267 310 Choice One Communications Inc 11456 256 301 Carolina Online, Inc. 4323 255 796 Time Warner Telecom 21502 250 253 NUMERICABLE is a cabled netwo Number of /24s announced per /8 block (Global) ---------------------------------------------- 4:4 8:11 12:1436 13:1 15:5 16:2 17:3 20:5 24:745 32:69 33:2 38:83 40:55 44:3 47:2 52:3 55:1 56:3 57:21 60:3 61:624 62:501 63:1849 64:2458 65:2065 66:2472 67:452 68:536 69:769 70:40 72:2 80:527 81:537 82:316 83:201 84:47 128:129 129:165 130:84 131:182 132:27 134:185 135:28 136:187 137:81 138:184 139:36 140:210 141:108 142:126 143:114 144:158 145:42 146:296 147:96 148:329 149:112 150:93 151:62 152:133 153:68 154:2 155:131 156:58 157:69 158:133 159:164 160:61 161:73 162:380 163:80 164:216 165:162 166:116 167:221 168:356 169:123 170:312 171:9 192:5659 193:2930 194:2165 195:1534 196:601 198:3915 199:3302 200:3834 201:23 202:4925 203:5780 204:3556 205:2063 206:2339 207:2593 208:2115 209:3088 210:1518 211:652 212:1148 213:1222 214:224 215:31 216:3690 217:1045 218:176 219:82 220:281 221:65 222:22 End of report

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Re: I am new to the list and have some questions about Black Holes
by Fergie (Paul Ferguson) 12 Nov '04

12 Nov '04

They suck. - ferg -- "Tony Pace" <tonyatnanog(a)hotmail.com> wrote: I am new to the list and have some questions about Black Holes Tony -- "Fergie", a.k.a. Paul Ferguson Engineering Architecture for the Internet fergdawg(a)netzero.net or fergdawg(a)sbcglobal.net

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I am new to the list and have some questions about Black Holes
by Tony Pace 12 Nov '04

12 Nov '04

I am new to the list and have some questions about Black Holes Tony _________________________________________________________________ Get ready for school! Find articles, homework help and more in the Back to School Guide! http://special.msn.com/network/04backtoschool.armx

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Time Warner Telecom Issues
by jkreger＠lwolenczak.net 12 Nov '04

12 Nov '04

Anybody know whats going on with Time Warner Telecom? Routing appears messed up.

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Re: IPV6 renumbering painless?
by Paul Vixie 12 Nov '04

12 Nov '04

> I don't care whether you want to call it PI space or not, the bottom line > is that it has all the same practical uses and effect as PI space, and, > this is exactly what the real world is likely to do with v6 for any > organization that wants to multihome without renumbering. They'll get > an AS and they'll get a /32, and, suddenly, each department within the > company will become a "customer" of the IT-ISP department. > > I'm not saying this is clean, friendly, nice, whatever. However, it is > what people are really going to do with the current v6 address allocation > policies. that's all true. i want to add a detail, but because i'm a member-elect of the arin board of trustees i have to put in the following disclaimer: I'm Speaking For Myself And Not For ARIN. that having been said, here's my view: the current policies that allow organizations as small as isc to get a /32 are clearly wrong for the long term -- it lets the ipv6 /32 do what the ipv4 /24 did: create a swamp. we will be dealing with an ipv6 swamp for as many years to come as we've already dealt with the ipv4 swamp. HOWEVER, i have two observations. #1 is that the ipv4 swamp was a huge motivator for ipv4 deployment in the early days, and its carrying costs today are still worth paying just because of the market size it helped enable. #2 is that the ipv4 swamp has stayed about the same absolute size since CIDRD was closed, and almost all growth since then has been of larger (PA) prefixes. extrapolating this for ipv6 ought to cause a number of you to go out and get ipv6 /32's today, before the swamp starts to fill up with other folks' prefixes, which will ultimately lead the members of ARIN and other RIRs to "raise the bar" for /32 allocations. and i do not expect there to be a provision for getting anything smaller than a /32 if you don't qualify for a /32. read this whole message more carefully if you are still unmotivated.

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Probe dns service - anycast network
by Gere geomag 11 Nov '04

11 Nov '04

Hi, We are thinking of deploying anycast in our network for dns servers. I have the following scenario: - 10 server DNS (isc-bind) , linux and zebra for propagating ospf ip anycast. Are there someone who has developed a "solid scripts (perl/c/ecc..)" that is used to probe a dns service (udp/tcp port 53) and in case of failure (or max lookup query time problem) automatic shutdown ospf annunce or remove a server from a anycast network? Best regards Antony Findanno

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Re: BGP question
by Robert Scott 11 Nov '04

11 Nov '04

Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd 10.69.68.231 4 7939 2462962 2213063 7460478 3 0 10w1d 148815 68.216.192.17 4 6380 3045064 102934 7460454 0 0 1d15h 147463 131.247.47.238 4 5661 336539 102895 7460478 0 0 4w2d 8964 AppleBees says "No Anheuser" Robert Scott says "NO APPLEBEES!" Join The Boycott! Robert D. Scott Associate Director Computer Services and Telecommunications Network Operations University of Central Florida Robert(a)mail.ucf.edu CSB-310 407-823-0662 Voice 407-823-5476 FAX 345-0662 Sun-Com 877-549-5390 Pager >>> Henning Brauer <hb-nanog(a)bsws.de> 11/11/2004 6:11:31 AM >>> * adrian kok <adriankok2000(a)yahoo.com.hk> [2004-11-10 21:32]: > 2/ I saw article. "a full BGP feed is about 110,000 > routes." we're at 140..150k these days. > Do you have experience that AMD64 with 3G memory in > Unix Box can handle it? I've done it on a soekris box, that is, a 266MHz Geode CPU with 128MB RAM, using OpenBSD and OpenBGPD... -- Henning Brauer, BS Web Services, http://bsws.de hb(a)bsws.de - henning(a)openbsd.org Unix is very simple, but it takes a genius to understand the simplicity. (Dennis Ritchie)

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