- NANOG - lists.nanog.org

Rate shaping in Active E FTTx networks
by Jason Lixfeld 27 Jul '12

27 Jul '12

Hi all, I'm trying to gauge what operators are doing to handle per-subscriber Internet access PIR bandwidth in Active E FTTx networks. I presume operators would want to limit the each subscriber to a certain PIR, but within that limit, do things like perform preferential treatment of interactive services like steaming video or Skype, etc., ahead of non-interactive services like FTP. My impression is that a subscriber's physical access in these networks is exponentially larger than their allocated amount of Internet access. This would leave ample room on the physical access access for other services like Voice and IPTV that might run on separate VLANs than the Internet access VLAN. That said, I doubt there's really that much of a concern about allocating PIR on these other service VLANs. So in terms of PIR for Internet access, is there some magic box that sits between the various subscriber aggregation points and the core, which takes care of shaping the subscriber's Internet access PIR, while making sure that the any preferential treatment of interactive services is performed. Is that a lot to ask for one box? The ridiculously deep buffers required in order to shape to PIR vs. police to it (because policing to a PIR is just plain ugly) and the requirements to perform any sort of preferential packet treatment above and beyond that seem like quite a lot to ask of one box. Am I wrong? Who might make a box like this, if it exists? And if not, what are folks using the achieve these results? Thanks in advance for any insights..

6 5

BGP Update Report
by cidr-report＠potaroo.net 27 Jul '12

27 Jul '12

BGP Update Report Interval: 21-Jul-12 -to- 25-Jul-12 (4 days) Observation Point: BGP Peering with AS131072 TOP 20 Unstable Origin AS Rank ASN Upds % Upds/Pfx AS-Name 1 - AS8402 31474 1.4% 17.8 -- CORBINA-AS OJSC "Vimpelcom" 2 - AS1637 30729 1.4% 284.5 -- DNIC-AS-01637 - Headquarters, USAISC 3 - AS17813 29341 1.3% 215.7 -- MTNL-AP Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. 4 - AS47931 25100 1.1% 204.1 -- ALENETWORK A.L.E. COM NETWORK S.R.L 5 - AS9829 21569 0.9% 16.5 -- BSNL-NIB National Internet Backbone 6 - AS24560 19759 0.9% 19.1 -- AIRTELBROADBAND-AS-AP Bharti Airtel Ltd., Telemedia Services 7 - AS7029 15412 0.7% 4.4 -- WINDSTREAM - Windstream Communications Inc 8 - AS7552 13226 0.6% 11.7 -- VIETEL-AS-AP Vietel Corporation 9 - AS13118 11776 0.5% 245.3 -- ASN-YARTELECOM OJSC Rostelecom 10 - AS6458 11752 0.5% 13.3 -- Telgua 11 - AS27738 11509 0.5% 20.7 -- Ecuadortelecom S.A. 12 - AS48277 11271 0.5% 201.3 -- SOREX SOREX MEDIA S.R.L. 13 - AS49074 10768 0.5% 219.8 -- TECHNOLOGICAL SC TECHNOLOGICAL SRL 14 - AS6389 10345 0.5% 3.1 -- BELLSOUTH-NET-BLK - BellSouth.net Inc. 15 - AS28573 9562 0.4% 4.7 -- NET Servicos de Comunicao S.A. 16 - AS10620 9514 0.4% 4.7 -- Telmex Colombia S.A. 17 - AS5800 8667 0.4% 33.6 -- DNIC-ASBLK-05800-06055 - DoD Network Information Center 18 - AS4766 8347 0.4% 3.0 -- KIXS-AS-KR Korea Telecom 19 - AS8151 8307 0.4% 5.6 -- Uninet S.A. de C.V. 20 - AS43875 8261 0.4% 206.5 -- DATAINFO-ASN SC Data Media Info SRL TOP 20 Unstable Origin AS (Updates per announced prefix) Rank ASN Upds % Upds/Pfx AS-Name 1 - AS16535 3364 0.1% 1121.3 -- ECHOS-3 - Echostar Holding Purchasing Corporation 2 - AS44410 2654 0.1% 884.7 -- ENTEKHAB-AS ENTEKHAB INDUSTRIAL GROUP 3 - AS43348 1752 0.1% 876.0 -- TATARINOVA-AS PE Tatarinova Alla Ivanovna 4 - AS49072 837 0.0% 837.0 -- APSUARA-AS TCA Apsuara Ltd. 5 - AS54037 770 0.0% 770.0 -- CAREER-GROUP-INC - CAREER GROUP INC 6 - AS14452 6312 0.3% 701.3 -- IOS-ASN - INTERNET OF THE SANDHILLS 7 - AS26184 645 0.0% 645.0 -- ASA-HQAS - American Society of Anesthesiologists 8 - AS58655 1160 0.1% 580.0 -- SKYTEL6-BD SkyTel Communications Limited 9 - AS51250 552 0.0% 552.0 -- ITE-PROTON-AS "Information technologies enterprise "Proton" LTD 10 - AS3 440 0.0% 759.0 -- RESENNET-AS ResenNet Aps 11 - AS42806 411 0.0% 411.0 -- TELECOM-AS Telecom Georgia 12 - AS38857 775 0.0% 387.5 -- ESOFT-TRANSIT-AS-AP e.Soft Technologies Ltd. 13 - AS23007 888 0.0% 296.0 -- Universidad de Los Andes 14 - AS4 296 0.0% 51.0 -- COMUNICALO DE MEXICO S.A. DE C.V 15 - AS27890 576 0.0% 288.0 -- Universidad de Oriente 16 - AS1637 30729 1.4% 284.5 -- DNIC-AS-01637 - Headquarters, USAISC 17 - AS23237 1117 0.1% 279.2 -- MCMASTER - McMaster University 18 - AS29398 277 0.0% 277.0 -- PETROBALTIC "Petrobaltic" S.A. 19 - AS34744 5440 0.2% 247.3 -- GVM S.C. GVM SISTEM 2003 S.R.L. 20 - AS50704 1723 0.1% 246.1 -- BENEFIC-INTERNET Benefic Consult SRL TOP 20 Unstable Prefixes Rank Prefix Upds % Origin AS -- AS Name 1 - 109.161.64.0/19 11364 0.5% AS13118 -- ASN-YARTELECOM OJSC Rostelecom 2 - 59.176.0.0/14 6407 0.3% AS17813 -- MTNL-AP Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. 3 - 182.64.0.0/16 6060 0.3% AS24560 -- AIRTELBROADBAND-AS-AP Bharti Airtel Ltd., Telemedia Services 4 - 122.161.0.0/16 6034 0.3% AS24560 -- AIRTELBROADBAND-AS-AP Bharti Airtel Ltd., Telemedia Services 5 - 200.46.0.0/19 5790 0.2% AS21599 -- NETDIRECT S.A. 6 - 59.177.0.0/16 4822 0.2% AS17813 -- MTNL-AP Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. 7 - 202.56.215.0/24 3646 0.1% AS24560 -- AIRTELBROADBAND-AS-AP Bharti Airtel Ltd., Telemedia Services 8 - 67.47.194.0/23 3358 0.1% AS16535 -- ECHOS-3 - Echostar Holding Purchasing Corporation 9 - 59.177.0.0/18 3349 0.1% AS17813 -- MTNL-AP Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. 10 - 123.252.208.0/24 3197 0.1% AS17762 -- HTIL-TTML-IN-AP Tata Teleservices Maharashtra Ltd 11 - 59.177.48.0/20 3103 0.1% AS17813 -- MTNL-AP Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. 12 - 139.139.19.0/24 3086 0.1% AS1562 -- DNIC-ASBLK-01550-01601 - DoD Network Information Center 13 - 194.63.9.0/24 2924 0.1% AS1273 -- CW Cable and Wireless Worldwide plc 14 - 65.82.30.0/24 2511 0.1% AS6197 -- BATI-ATL - BellSouth Network Solutions, Inc 15 - 69.38.178.0/24 2427 0.1% AS19406 -- TWRS-MA - Towerstream I, Inc. 16 - 115.170.128.0/17 1829 0.1% AS4847 -- CNIX-AP China Networks Inter-Exchange 17 - 59.177.0.0/19 1819 0.1% AS17813 -- MTNL-AP Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. 18 - 59.177.64.0/18 1695 0.1% AS17813 -- MTNL-AP Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. 19 - 59.177.144.0/20 1630 0.1% AS17813 -- MTNL-AP Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. 20 - 78.111.6.0/23 1575 0.1% AS44410 -- ENTEKHAB-AS ENTEKHAB INDUSTRIAL GROUP Details at http://bgpupdates.potaroo.net ------------------------------------ Copies of this report are mailed to: nanog(a)nanog.org eof-list(a)ripe.net apops(a)apops.net routing-wg(a)ripe.net afnog(a)afnog.org

1 0

The Cidr Report
by cidr-report＠potaroo.net 27 Jul '12

27 Jul '12

This report has been generated at Fri Jul 27 00:13:01 2012 AEST. The report analyses the BGP Routing Table of AS2.0 router and generates a report on aggregation potential within the table. Check http://www.cidr-report.org for a current version of this report. Recent Table History Date Prefixes CIDR Agg 20-07-12 419152 241935 21-07-12 420802 243450 22-07-12 420851 242316 23-07-12 420929 242400 24-07-12 420469 242764 25-07-12 420742 242807 26-07-12 420845 241935 27-07-12 421258 243201 AS Summary 41751 Number of ASes in routing system 17450 Number of ASes announcing only one prefix 3412 Largest number of prefixes announced by an AS AS7029 : WINDSTREAM - Windstream Communications Inc 114212832 Largest address span announced by an AS (/32s) AS4134 : CHINANET-BACKBONE No.31,Jin-rong Street Aggregation Summary The algorithm used in this report proposes aggregation only when there is a precise match using the AS path, so as to preserve traffic transit policies. Aggregation is also proposed across non-advertised address space ('holes'). --- 27Jul12 --- ASnum NetsNow NetsAggr NetGain % Gain Description Table 421434 243342 178092 42.3% All ASes AS6389 3384 190 3194 94.4% BELLSOUTH-NET-BLK - BellSouth.net Inc. AS17974 2267 456 1811 79.9% TELKOMNET-AS2-AP PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia AS7029 3412 1737 1675 49.1% WINDSTREAM - Windstream Communications Inc AS18566 2088 417 1671 80.0% COVAD - Covad Communications Co. AS28573 2046 472 1574 76.9% NET Servicos de Comunicao S.A. AS4766 2762 1295 1467 53.1% KIXS-AS-KR Korea Telecom AS10620 2030 606 1424 70.1% Telmex Colombia S.A. AS4323 1577 387 1190 75.5% TWTC - tw telecom holdings, inc. AS22773 1698 569 1129 66.5% ASN-CXA-ALL-CCI-22773-RDC - Cox Communications Inc. AS1785 1940 816 1124 57.9% AS-PAETEC-NET - PaeTec Communications, Inc. AS4755 1618 578 1040 64.3% TATACOMM-AS TATA Communications formerly VSNL is Leading ISP AS7303 1458 451 1007 69.1% Telecom Argentina S.A. AS7552 1128 225 903 80.1% VIETEL-AS-AP Vietel Corporation AS6458 881 45 836 94.9% Telgua AS8151 1473 666 807 54.8% Uninet S.A. de C.V. AS18101 942 157 785 83.3% RELIANCE-COMMUNICATIONS-IN Reliance Communications Ltd.DAKC MUMBAI AS17908 828 60 768 92.8% TCISL Tata Communications AS4808 1118 351 767 68.6% CHINA169-BJ CNCGROUP IP network China169 Beijing Province Network AS9394 908 166 742 81.7% CRNET CHINA RAILWAY Internet(CRNET) AS13977 839 123 716 85.3% CTELCO - FAIRPOINT COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AS855 694 52 642 92.5% CANET-ASN-4 - Bell Aliant Regional Communications, Inc. AS3356 1108 476 632 57.0% LEVEL3 Level 3 Communications AS17676 695 75 620 89.2% GIGAINFRA Softbank BB Corp. AS2118 632 14 618 97.8% RELCOM-AS OOO "NPO Relcom" AS22561 1035 424 611 59.0% DIGITAL-TELEPORT - Digital Teleport Inc. AS19262 1002 404 598 59.7% VZGNI-TRANSIT - Verizon Online LLC AS4780 834 243 591 70.9% SEEDNET Digital United Inc. AS24560 1037 449 588 56.7% AIRTELBROADBAND-AS-AP Bharti Airtel Ltd., Telemedia Services AS3549 1000 437 563 56.3% GBLX Global Crossing Ltd. AS4804 652 96 556 85.3% MPX-AS Microplex PTY LTD Total 43086 12437 30649 71.1% Top 30 total Possible Bogus Routes 5.10.8.0/21 AS57154 SWKN Stadtwerke Konstanz GmbH 5.158.96.0/19 AS38934 PRIDENET-AS Pride Limited 10.86.64.32/30 AS65530 -Private Use AS- 10.86.64.36/30 AS65530 -Private Use AS- 10.86.65.32/30 AS65530 -Private Use AS- 10.86.65.36/30 AS65530 -Private Use AS- 10.255.255.0/30 AS65530 -Private Use AS- 10.255.255.4/30 AS65530 -Private Use AS- 10.255.255.8/30 AS65530 -Private Use AS- 14.192.0.0/22 AS45464 NEXTWEB-AS-AP Room 201, TGU Bldg 14.192.4.0/22 AS45464 NEXTWEB-AS-AP Room 201, TGU Bldg 14.192.8.0/22 AS45464 NEXTWEB-AS-AP Room 201, TGU Bldg 14.192.12.0/22 AS45464 NEXTWEB-AS-AP Room 201, TGU Bldg 14.192.16.0/22 AS45464 NEXTWEB-AS-AP Room 201, TGU Bldg 14.192.20.0/22 AS45464 NEXTWEB-AS-AP Room 201, TGU Bldg 14.192.24.0/22 AS45464 NEXTWEB-AS-AP Room 201, TGU Bldg 14.192.28.0/22 AS45464 NEXTWEB-AS-AP Room 201, TGU Bldg 27.112.114.0/24 AS23884 PROENNET-AS Proimage Engineering and Communication Co.,Ltd. 41.0.0.0/8 AS37004 SUBURBAN-AS 41.222.80.0/21 AS37110 moztel-as 41.223.108.0/22 AS36966 EDL_AS Edgenet AS 62.61.220.0/24 AS24974 TACHYON-EU Tachyon Europe BV 62.61.221.0/24 AS24974 TACHYON-EU Tachyon Europe BV 64.66.32.0/20 AS18864 66.171.32.0/20 AS705 UUNET - MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business 66.180.239.0/24 AS35888 VIGNETTE - VIGNETTE CORPORATION 66.207.32.0/20 AS23011 66.245.176.0/20 AS19318 NJIIX-AS-1 - NEW JERSEY INTERNATIONAL INTERNET EXCHANGE LLC 66.251.128.0/24 AS33227 BLUEBRIDGE-NETWORKS - Blue Bridge Networks 66.251.133.0/24 AS33227 BLUEBRIDGE-NETWORKS - Blue Bridge Networks 66.251.134.0/24 AS33227 BLUEBRIDGE-NETWORKS - Blue Bridge Networks 66.251.136.0/21 AS33227 BLUEBRIDGE-NETWORKS - Blue Bridge Networks 66.251.140.0/24 AS33227 BLUEBRIDGE-NETWORKS - Blue Bridge Networks 66.251.141.0/24 AS33227 BLUEBRIDGE-NETWORKS - Blue Bridge Networks 66.251.142.0/24 AS33227 BLUEBRIDGE-NETWORKS - Blue Bridge Networks 66.251.143.0/24 AS3356 LEVEL3 Level 3 Communications 69.46.224.0/20 AS32592 HUNT-BROTHERS-OF-LOUISIANA-LLC - Hunt Brothers 69.46.233.0/24 AS32592 HUNT-BROTHERS-OF-LOUISIANA-LLC - Hunt Brothers 69.46.236.0/24 AS32592 HUNT-BROTHERS-OF-LOUISIANA-LLC - Hunt Brothers 70.34.112.0/20 AS27589 MOJOHOST - MOJOHOST 71.19.134.0/23 AS3313 INET-AS BT Italia S.p.A. 72.35.224.0/22 AS30097 NUWAVE - NuWave 72.35.229.0/24 AS30188 TELEVERGENCE - Televergence Solutions Inc. 72.35.232.0/21 AS30097 NUWAVE - NuWave 72.44.16.0/20 AS15054 HAMELTRONICS - Hameltronics, LLC 74.91.48.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.49.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.50.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.51.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.52.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.53.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.54.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.55.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.56.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.57.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.58.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.59.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.60.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.61.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.62.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.91.63.0/24 AS30137 SEA-BROADBAND - Sea Broadband, LLC 74.112.96.0/22 AS2828 XO-AS15 - XO Communications 74.115.124.0/23 AS46540 74.115.126.0/24 AS11260 EASTLINK-HSI - EastLink 81.22.64.0/20 AS5511 OPENTRANSIT France Telecom S.A. 82.101.160.0/19 AS5511 OPENTRANSIT France Telecom S.A. 100.104.0.0/13 AS286 KPN KPN Internet Backbone 100.112.0.0/14 AS286 KPN KPN Internet Backbone 100.116.0.0/15 AS286 KPN KPN Internet Backbone 110.34.44.0/22 AS12653 COMTONET KB Impuls Hellas S.A. 116.206.72.0/24 AS6461 MFNX MFN - Metromedia Fiber Network 116.206.85.0/24 AS6461 MFNX MFN - Metromedia Fiber Network 116.206.103.0/24 AS6461 MFNX MFN - Metromedia Fiber Network 117.120.56.0/21 AS4755 TATACOMM-AS TATA Communications formerly VSNL is Leading ISP 121.46.0.0/16 AS4134 CHINANET-BACKBONE No.31,Jin-rong Street 142.54.0.0/19 AS23498 CDSI - Cogeco Data Services LP 172.14.0.0/24 AS57871 ASTELECENTR TeleCentr Ltd. 172.15.0.0/24 AS57871 ASTELECENTR TeleCentr Ltd. 172.45.1.0/24 AS3356 LEVEL3 Level 3 Communications 172.102.0.0/22 AS4812 CHINANET-SH-AP China Telecom (Group) 172.116.0.0/24 AS7018 ATT-INTERNET4 - AT&T Services, Inc. 172.120.16.0/21 AS19891 BML-AS Bill Me Later, Inc 192.0.0.0/24 AS14745 INTERNAP-BLOCK-4 - Internap Network Services Corporation 195.35.108.0/23 AS8881 VERSATEL Versatel Deutschland GmbH 198.18.0.0/15 AS14744 INTERNAP-BLOCK-4 - Internap Network Services Corporation 198.51.100.0/24 AS14744 INTERNAP-BLOCK-4 - Internap Network Services Corporation 200.1.112.0/24 AS29754 GO2TEL GO2TEL.COM INC. 200.6.49.0/24 AS23148 TERREMARK Terremark 200.24.73.0/24 AS26061 Equant Colombia 200.53.0.0/19 AS13878 Diveo do Brasil Telecomunicacoes Ltda 200.58.248.0/21 AS27849 200.75.184.0/21 AS14754 Telgua 200.106.128.0/20 AS3257 TINET-BACKBONE Tinet SpA 200.115.112.0/20 AS3257 TINET-BACKBONE Tinet SpA 202.1.224.0/24 AS10097 FLOWCOM Flow Communications 2/541 Kent St Sydney NSW 2000 202.8.106.0/24 AS9530 SHINSEGAE-AS SHINSEGAE I&C Co., Ltd. 202.58.113.0/24 AS19161 202.83.120.0/21 AS37972 202.83.124.0/24 AS37972 202.83.125.0/24 AS37972 202.83.126.0/24 AS37972 202.94.1.0/24 AS4808 CHINA169-BJ CNCGROUP IP network China169 Beijing Province Network 202.140.128.0/19 AS9583 SIFY-AS-IN Sify Limited 202.174.125.0/24 AS9498 BBIL-AP BHARTI Airtel Ltd. 202.176.1.0/24 AS9942 COMINDICO-AP SOUL Converged Communications Australia 202.179.134.0/24 AS23966 LDN-AS-PK LINKdotNET Telecom Limited 203.0.113.0/24 AS14744 INTERNAP-BLOCK-4 - Internap Network Services Corporation 203.23.1.0/24 AS18111 NETSPEED-AS-AP Netspeed Internet Communications 203.24.38.0/24 AS18111 NETSPEED-AS-AP Netspeed Internet Communications 203.30.127.0/24 AS18111 NETSPEED-AS-AP Netspeed Internet Communications 203.32.86.0/23 AS18111 NETSPEED-AS-AP Netspeed Internet Communications 203.32.86.0/24 AS18111 NETSPEED-AS-AP Netspeed Internet Communications 203.32.87.0/24 AS18111 NETSPEED-AS-AP Netspeed Internet Communications 203.32.188.0/24 AS1221 ASN-TELSTRA Telstra Pty Ltd 203.142.219.0/24 AS45149 204.9.116.0/22 AS30097 NUWAVE - NuWave 204.10.88.0/21 AS3356 LEVEL3 Level 3 Communications 204.10.92.0/23 AS30097 NUWAVE - NuWave 204.10.94.0/23 AS30097 NUWAVE - NuWave 204.14.0.0/21 AS30693 EONIX-CORPORATION-AS-PHX01-WWW-INFINITIE-NET - Eonix Corporation 204.14.0.0/24 AS30693 EONIX-CORPORATION-AS-PHX01-WWW-INFINITIE-NET - Eonix Corporation 204.14.2.0/24 AS30693 EONIX-CORPORATION-AS-PHX01-WWW-INFINITIE-NET - Eonix Corporation 204.14.3.0/24 AS30693 EONIX-CORPORATION-AS-PHX01-WWW-INFINITIE-NET - Eonix Corporation 205.175.214.0/24 AS5583 ORANGE-BUSINESS-SERVICES-BENELUX France Telecom S.A. 206.197.184.0/24 AS23304 DATOTEL-STL-AS - Datotel LLC, a NetLabs LLC Company 207.174.131.0/24 AS26116 INDRA - Indra's Net Inc 207.174.132.0/23 AS26116 INDRA - Indra's Net Inc 207.174.152.0/23 AS26116 INDRA - Indra's Net Inc 207.174.154.0/24 AS26116 INDRA - Indra's Net Inc 207.174.155.0/24 AS26116 INDRA - Indra's Net Inc 207.174.200.0/24 AS22658 EARTHNET - Earthnet, Inc. 207.174.248.0/21 AS6653 PRIVATEI - privateI, LLC 207.231.96.0/19 AS11194 NUNETPA - NuNet Inc. 208.83.53.0/24 AS40569 YGOMI-AS - Ygomi LLC 208.93.144.0/21 AS30693 EONIX-CORPORATION-AS-PHX01-WWW-INFINITIE-NET - Eonix Corporation 208.93.151.0/24 AS30693 EONIX-CORPORATION-AS-PHX01-WWW-INFINITIE-NET - Eonix Corporation 209.148.64.0/19 AS13773 TELNETCOMM - Telnet Communications 209.177.64.0/20 AS6461 MFNX MFN - Metromedia Fiber Network 209.213.0.0/20 AS33005 ELTOPIA - Eltopia.com, LLC 213.150.202.0/24 AS8513 SKYVISION SkyVision Global Networks Ltd 213.150.204.0/24 AS29338 AFOL-AS Used by Africaonline Operations 216.12.160.0/20 AS26627 AS-PILOSOFT - Pilosoft, Inc. 216.21.160.0/20 AS27876 American Data Networks 216.146.0.0/19 AS11915 TELWEST-NETWORK-SVCS-STATIC - TEL WEST COMMUNICATIONS LLC 216.194.160.0/20 AS27876 American Data Networks Please see http://www.cidr-report.org for the full report ------------------------------------ Copies of this report are mailed to: nanog(a)nanog.org eof-list(a)ripe.net apops(a)apops.net routing-wg(a)ripe.net afnog(a)afnog.org

1 0

Stuxnet
by Grant Ridder 26 Jul '12

26 Jul '12

Hi Everyone, I realize most people already know the history of Stuxnet but i figured i would pass along an IEEE article that was just published. http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/declarations-of-cyberwar -Grant

1 0

Weekly Routing Table Report
by Routing Analysis Role Account 26 Jul '12

26 Jul '12

This is an automated weekly mailing describing the state of the Internet Routing Table as seen from APNIC's router in Japan. The posting is sent to APOPS, NANOG, AfNOG, AusNOG, SANOG, PacNOG, LacNOG, TRNOG, CaribNOG and the RIPE Routing Working Group. Daily listings are sent to bgp-stats(a)lists.apnic.net For historical data, please see http://thyme.rand.apnic.net. If you have any comments please contact Philip Smith <pfsinoz(a)gmail.com>. Routing Table Report 04:00 +10GMT Sat 21 Jul, 2012 Report Website: http://thyme.rand.apnic.net Detailed Analysis: http://thyme.rand.apnic.net/current/ Analysis Summary ---------------- BGP routing table entries examined: 418048 Prefixes after maximum aggregation: 176224 Deaggregation factor: 2.37 Unique aggregates announced to Internet: 203512 Total ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 41560 Prefixes per ASN: 10.06 Origin-only ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 33342 Origin ASes announcing only one prefix: 15690 Transit ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 5589 Transit-only ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 132 Average AS path length visible in the Internet Routing Table: 4.5 Max AS path length visible: 26 Max AS path prepend of ASN ( 36992) 22 Prefixes from unregistered ASNs in the Routing Table: 368 Unregistered ASNs in the Routing Table: 134 Number of 32-bit ASNs allocated by the RIRs: 3013 Number of 32-bit ASNs visible in the Routing Table: 2629 Prefixes from 32-bit ASNs in the Routing Table: 6809 Special use prefixes present in the Routing Table: 1 Prefixes being announced from unallocated address space: 168 Number of addresses announced to Internet: 2568092204 Equivalent to 153 /8s, 17 /16s and 250 /24s Percentage of available address space announced: 69.3 Percentage of allocated address space announced: 69.4 Percentage of available address space allocated: 99.9 Percentage of address space in use by end-sites: 93.0 Total number of prefixes smaller than registry allocations: 145304 APNIC Region Analysis Summary ----------------------------- Prefixes being announced by APNIC Region ASes: 102118 Total APNIC prefixes after maximum aggregation: 32802 APNIC Deaggregation factor: 3.11 Prefixes being announced from the APNIC address blocks: 102579 Unique aggregates announced from the APNIC address blocks: 42176 APNIC Region origin ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 4719 APNIC Prefixes per ASN: 21.74 APNIC Region origin ASes announcing only one prefix: 1246 APNIC Region transit ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 745 Average APNIC Region AS path length visible: 4.6 Max APNIC Region AS path length visible: 26 Number of APNIC region 32-bit ASNs visible in the Routing Table: 250 Number of APNIC addresses announced to Internet: 704482432 Equivalent to 41 /8s, 253 /16s and 140 /24s Percentage of available APNIC address space announced: 82.3 APNIC AS Blocks 4608-4864, 7467-7722, 9216-10239, 17408-18431 (pre-ERX allocations) 23552-24575, 37888-38911, 45056-46079, 55296-56319, 58368-59391, 131072-133119 APNIC Address Blocks 1/8, 14/8, 27/8, 36/8, 39/8, 42/8, 43/8, 49/8, 58/8, 59/8, 60/8, 61/8, 101/8, 103/8, 106/8, 110/8, 111/8, 112/8, 113/8, 114/8, 115/8, 116/8, 117/8, 118/8, 119/8, 120/8, 121/8, 122/8, 123/8, 124/8, 125/8, 126/8, 133/8, 150/8, 153/8, 163/8, 171/8, 175/8, 180/8, 182/8, 183/8, 202/8, 203/8, 210/8, 211/8, 218/8, 219/8, 220/8, 221/8, 222/8, 223/8, ARIN Region Analysis Summary ---------------------------- Prefixes being announced by ARIN Region ASes: 152850 Total ARIN prefixes after maximum aggregation: 77506 ARIN Deaggregation factor: 1.97 Prefixes being announced from the ARIN address blocks: 153890 Unique aggregates announced from the ARIN address blocks: 68642 ARIN Region origin ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 15199 ARIN Prefixes per ASN: 10.13 ARIN Region origin ASes announcing only one prefix: 5763 ARIN Region transit ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 1606 Average ARIN Region AS path length visible: 4.1 Max ARIN Region AS path length visible: 24 Number of ARIN region 32-bit ASNs visible in the Routing Table: 16 Number of ARIN addresses announced to Internet: 1071726976 Equivalent to 63 /8s, 225 /16s and 65 /24s Percentage of available ARIN address space announced: 56.7 ARIN AS Blocks 1-1876, 1902-2042, 2044-2046, 2048-2106 (pre-ERX allocations) 2138-2584, 2615-2772, 2823-2829, 2880-3153 3354-4607, 4865-5119, 5632-6655, 6912-7466 7723-8191, 10240-12287, 13312-15359, 16384-17407 18432-20479, 21504-23551, 25600-26591, 26624-27647, 29696-30719, 31744-33791 35840-36863, 39936-40959, 46080-47103 53248-55295, 393216-394239 ARIN Address Blocks 3/8, 4/8, 6/8, 7/8, 8/8, 9/8, 11/8, 12/8, 13/8, 15/8, 16/8, 17/8, 18/8, 19/8, 20/8, 21/8, 22/8, 23/8, 24/8, 26/8, 28/8, 29/8, 30/8, 32/8, 33/8, 34/8, 35/8, 38/8, 40/8, 44/8, 45/8, 47/8, 48/8, 50/8, 52/8, 53/8, 54/8, 55/8, 56/8, 57/8, 63/8, 64/8, 65/8, 66/8, 67/8, 68/8, 69/8, 70/8, 71/8, 72/8, 73/8, 74/8, 75/8, 76/8, 96/8, 97/8, 98/8, 99/8, 100/8, 104/8, 107/8, 108/8, 128/8, 129/8, 130/8, 131/8, 132/8, 134/8, 135/8, 136/8, 137/8, 138/8, 139/8, 140/8, 142/8, 143/8, 144/8, 146/8, 147/8, 148/8, 149/8, 152/8, 155/8, 156/8, 157/8, 158/8, 159/8, 160/8, 161/8, 162/8, 164/8, 165/8, 166/8, 167/8, 168/8, 169/8, 170/8, 172/8, 173/8, 174/8, 184/8, 192/8, 198/8, 199/8, 204/8, 205/8, 206/8, 207/8, 208/8, 209/8, 214/8, 215/8, 216/8, RIPE Region Analysis Summary ---------------------------- Prefixes being announced by RIPE Region ASes: 103959 Total RIPE prefixes after maximum aggregation: 55283 RIPE Deaggregation factor: 1.88 Prefixes being announced from the RIPE address blocks: 106121 Unique aggregates announced from the RIPE address blocks: 67350 RIPE Region origin ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 16684 RIPE Prefixes per ASN: 6.36 RIPE Region origin ASes announcing only one prefix: 8081 RIPE Region transit ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 2715 Average RIPE Region AS path length visible: 5.0 Max RIPE Region AS path length visible: 26 Number of RIPE region 32-bit ASNs visible in the Routing Table: 1731 Number of RIPE addresses announced to Internet: 636890756 Equivalent to 37 /8s, 246 /16s and 46 /24s Percentage of available RIPE address space announced: 92.6 RIPE AS Blocks 1877-1901, 2043, 2047, 2107-2136, 2585-2614 (pre-ERX allocations) 2773-2822, 2830-2879, 3154-3353, 5377-5631 6656-6911, 8192-9215, 12288-13311, 15360-16383 20480-21503, 24576-25599, 28672-29695 30720-31743, 33792-35839, 38912-39935 40960-45055, 47104-52223, 56320-58367 59392-61439, 196608-199679 RIPE Address Blocks 2/8, 5/8, 25/8, 31/8, 37/8, 46/8, 51/8, 62/8, 77/8, 78/8, 79/8, 80/8, 81/8, 82/8, 83/8, 84/8, 85/8, 86/8, 87/8, 88/8, 89/8, 90/8, 91/8, 92/8, 93/8, 94/8, 95/8, 109/8, 141/8, 145/8, 151/8, 176/8, 178/8, 185/8, 188/8, 193/8, 194/8, 195/8, 212/8, 213/8, 217/8, LACNIC Region Analysis Summary ------------------------------ Prefixes being announced by LACNIC Region ASes: 42631 Total LACNIC prefixes after maximum aggregation: 8417 LACNIC Deaggregation factor: 5.06 Prefixes being announced from the LACNIC address blocks: 45328 Unique aggregates announced from the LACNIC address blocks: 21794 LACNIC Region origin ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 1612 LACNIC Prefixes per ASN: 28.12 LACNIC Region origin ASes announcing only one prefix: 430 LACNIC Region transit ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 312 Average LACNIC Region AS path length visible: 4.7 Max LACNIC Region AS path length visible: 25 Number of LACNIC region 32-bit ASNs visible in the Routing Table: 626 Number of LACNIC addresses announced to Internet: 112341928 Equivalent to 6 /8s, 178 /16s and 51 /24s Percentage of available LACNIC address space announced: 67.0 LACNIC AS Blocks 26592-26623, 27648-28671, 52224-53247, 262144-263167 plus ERX transfers LACNIC Address Blocks 177/8, 179/8, 181/8, 186/8, 187/8, 189/8, 190/8, 191/8, 200/8, 201/8, AfriNIC Region Analysis Summary ------------------------------- Prefixes being announced by AfriNIC Region ASes: 9521 Total AfriNIC prefixes after maximum aggregation: 2161 AfriNIC Deaggregation factor: 4.41 Prefixes being announced from the AfriNIC address blocks: 9962 Unique aggregates announced from the AfriNIC address blocks: 3408 AfriNIC Region origin ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 551 AfriNIC Prefixes per ASN: 18.08 AfriNIC Region origin ASes announcing only one prefix: 170 AfriNIC Region transit ASes present in the Internet Routing Table: 123 Average AfriNIC Region AS path length visible: 4.5 Max AfriNIC Region AS path length visible: 25 Number of AfriNIC region 32-bit ASNs visible in the Routing Table: 6 Number of AfriNIC addresses announced to Internet: 41297664 Equivalent to 2 /8s, 118 /16s and 39 /24s Percentage of available AfriNIC address space announced: 41.0 AfriNIC AS Blocks 36864-37887, 327680-328703 & ERX transfers AfriNIC Address Blocks 41/8, 102/8, 105/8, 154/8, 196/8, 197/8, APNIC Region per AS prefix count summary ---------------------------------------- ASN No of nets /20 equiv MaxAgg Description 4766 2721 11122 1244 Korea Telecom (KIX) 17974 2240 563 84 PT TELEKOMUNIKASI INDONESIA 7545 1705 301 88 TPG Internet Pty Ltd 4755 1616 388 163 TATA Communications formerly 9829 1305 1085 26 BSNL National Internet Backbo 9583 1162 88 509 Sify Limited 7552 1128 1062 11 Vietel Corporation 4808 1118 2053 318 CNCGROUP IP network: China169 24560 1037 385 165 Bharti Airtel Ltd., Telemedia 9498 989 294 73 BHARTI Airtel Ltd. Complete listing at http://thyme.rand.apnic.net/current/data-ASnet-APNIC ARIN Region per AS prefix count summary --------------------------------------- ASN No of nets /20 equiv MaxAgg Description 7029 3435 998 172 Windstream Communications Inc 6389 3385 3773 186 bellsouth.net, inc. 18566 2088 382 181 Covad Communications 1785 1937 681 131 PaeTec Communications, Inc. 22773 1680 2911 122 Cox Communications, Inc. 20115 1649 1571 615 Charter Communications 4323 1577 1028 383 Time Warner Telecom 30036 1390 270 779 Mediacom Communications Corp 7018 1247 10039 819 AT&T WorldNet Services 11492 1192 217 350 Cable One Complete listing at http://thyme.rand.apnic.net/current/data-ASnet-ARIN RIPE Region per AS prefix count summary --------------------------------------- ASN No of nets /20 equiv MaxAgg Description 8402 1645 544 16 Corbina telecom 2118 1023 97 14 EUnet/RELCOM Autonomous Syste 12479 799 743 92 Uni2 Autonomous System 34984 730 189 174 BILISIM TELEKOM 6830 711 2302 445 UPC Distribution Services 31148 705 37 9 FreeNet ISP 20940 688 223 540 Akamai Technologies European 13188 635 100 10 Educational Network 8551 577 364 61 Bezeq International 3320 499 8443 409 Deutsche Telekom AG Complete listing at http://thyme.rand.apnic.net/current/data-ASnet-RIPE LACNIC Region per AS prefix count summary ----------------------------------------- ASN No of nets /20 equiv MaxAgg Description 10620 2010 348 208 TVCABLE BOGOTA 28573 1986 1212 87 NET Servicos de Comunicao S.A 6503 1523 418 66 AVANTEL, S.A. 8151 1463 3044 345 UniNet S.A. de C.V. 7303 1458 934 196 Telecom Argentina Stet-France 6458 856 81 15 GUATEL 27947 717 74 94 Telconet S.A 11172 643 91 74 Servicios Alestra S.A de C.V 3816 596 250 83 Empresa Nacional de Telecomun 22047 583 326 15 VTR PUNTO NET S.A. Complete listing at http://thyme.rand.apnic.net/current/data-ASnet-LACNIC AfriNIC Region per AS prefix count summary ------------------------------------------ ASN No of nets /20 equiv MaxAgg Description 8452 996 958 13 TEDATA 24863 863 274 32 LINKdotNET AS number 6713 509 650 19 Itissalat Al-MAGHRIB 36998 483 48 3 MOBITEL 24835 286 80 8 RAYA Telecom - Egypt 3741 262 905 223 The Internet Solution 12258 197 28 62 Vodacom Internet Company 29975 191 667 21 Vodacom 16637 169 664 86 MTN Network Solutions 29571 160 15 15 Ci Telecom Autonomous system Complete listing at http://thyme.rand.apnic.net/current/data-ASnet-AFRINIC Global Per AS prefix count summary ---------------------------------- ASN No of nets /20 equiv MaxAgg Description 7029 3435 998 172 Windstream Communications Inc 6389 3385 3773 186 bellsouth.net, inc. 4766 2721 11122 1244 Korea Telecom (KIX) 17974 2240 563 84 PT TELEKOMUNIKASI INDONESIA 18566 2088 382 181 Covad Communications 10620 2010 348 208 TVCABLE BOGOTA 28573 1986 1212 87 NET Servicos de Comunicao S.A 1785 1937 681 131 PaeTec Communications, Inc. 7545 1705 301 88 TPG Internet Pty Ltd 22773 1680 2911 122 Cox Communications, Inc. Complete listing at http://thyme.rand.apnic.net/current/data-ASnet Global Per AS Maximum Aggr summary ---------------------------------- ASN No of nets Net Savings Description 6389 3385 3199 bellsouth.net, inc. 17974 2240 2156 PT TELEKOMUNIKASI INDONESIA 18566 2088 1907 Covad Communications 28573 1986 1899 NET Servicos de Comunicao S.A 1785 1937 1806 PaeTec Communications, Inc. 10620 2010 1802 TVCABLE BOGOTA 8402 1645 1629 Corbina telecom 7545 1705 1617 TPG Internet Pty Ltd 22773 1680 1558 Cox Communications, Inc. 4766 2721 1477 Korea Telecom (KIX) Complete listing at http://thyme.rand.apnic.net/current/data-CIDRnet List of Unregistered Origin ASNs (Global) ----------------------------------------- Bad AS Designation Network Transit AS Description 59407 UNALLOCATED 5.134.16.0/21 51167 Giga-Hosting GmbH 59457 UNALLOCATED 5.149.64.0/19 35567 DASTO semtel d.o.o. 15132 UNALLOCATED 12.9.150.0/24 7018 AT&T WorldNet Servic 25639 UNALLOCATED 12.41.169.0/24 7018 AT&T WorldNet Servic 13317 UNALLOCATED 12.44.10.0/24 7018 AT&T WorldNet Servic 23502 UNALLOCATED 12.44.44.0/24 7018 AT&T WorldNet Servic 17300 UNALLOCATED 12.45.103.0/24 7018 AT&T WorldNet Servic 17300 UNALLOCATED 12.45.110.0/24 701 UUNET Technologies, 16476 UNALLOCATED 12.46.27.0/24 7018 AT&T WorldNet Servic 14764 UNALLOCATED 12.108.237.0/24 7018 AT&T WorldNet Servic Complete listing at http://thyme.rand.apnic.net/current/data-badAS Prefixes from private and non-routed address space (Global) ----------------------------------------------------------- Prefix Origin AS Description 198.18.0.0/15 14744 Internap Network Services Complete listing at http://thyme.rand.apnic.net/current/data-dsua Advertised Unallocated Addresses -------------------------------- Network Origin AS Description 5.152.176.0/24 25577 C4L main AS 5.153.64.0/19 12703 edNETs Autonomous System 5.154.0.0/23 56465 Sistem Soft Network SRL 14.192.0.0/22 45464 Room 201, TGU Bldg 14.192.4.0/22 45464 Room 201, TGU Bldg 14.192.8.0/22 45464 Room 201, TGU Bldg 14.192.12.0/22 45464 Room 201, TGU Bldg 14.192.16.0/22 45464 Room 201, TGU Bldg 14.192.20.0/22 45464 Room 201, TGU Bldg 14.192.24.0/22 45464 Room 201, TGU Bldg Complete listing at http://thyme.rand.apnic.net/current/data-add-IANA Number of prefixes announced per prefix length (Global) ------------------------------------------------------- /1:0 /2:0 /3:0 /4:0 /5:0 /6:0 /7:0 /8:19 /9:12 /10:28 /11:82 /12:236 /13:473 /14:844 /15:1524 /16:12297 /17:6372 /18:10763 /19:20919 /20:29792 /21:31641 /22:41286 /23:39374 /24:218584 /25:1212 /26:1472 /27:854 /28:163 /29:60 /30:18 /31:0 /32:23 Advertised prefixes smaller than registry allocations ----------------------------------------------------- ASN No of nets Total ann. Description 7029 2774 3435 Windstream Communications Inc 18566 2038 2088 Covad Communications 6389 1865 3385 bellsouth.net, inc. 8402 1343 1645 Corbina telecom 30036 1325 1390 Mediacom Communications Corp 11492 1155 1192 Cable One 22773 1107 1680 Cox Communications, Inc. 6503 1051 1523 AVANTEL, S.A. 1785 1044 1937 PaeTec Communications, Inc. 7011 930 1191 Citizens Utilities Complete listing at http://thyme.rand.apnic.net/current/data-sXXas-nos Number of /24s announced per /8 block (Global) ---------------------------------------------- 1:577 2:737 3:1 4:13 5:153 6:3 8:438 12:2012 13:1 14:640 15:11 16:3 17:6 20:24 23:196 24:1796 27:1340 31:1018 32:56 33:2 34:2 36:8 37:662 38:826 39:1 40:134 41:2894 42:142 44:3 46:1524 47:2 49:432 50:558 52:13 54:14 55:8 56:1 57:31 58:983 59:529 60:244 61:1337 62:920 63:2034 64:4250 65:2245 66:4497 67:2014 68:1157 69:3201 70:988 71:514 72:1860 74:2603 75:490 76:334 77:939 78:921 79:492 80:1233 81:947 82:630 83:535 84:506 85:1150 86:423 87:928 88:347 89:1673 90:303 91:5039 92:581 93:1300 94:1560 95:1248 96:401 97:323 98:878 99:39 100:22 101:258 103:1288 105:464 106:115 107:189 108:384 109:1461 110:783 111:936 112:429 113:641 114:657 115:908 116:919 117:730 118:902 119:1231 120:356 121:801 122:1652 123:1167 124:1379 125:1260 128:551 129:185 130:267 131:632 132:300 133:22 134:247 135:61 136:215 137:241 138:334 139:177 140:496 141:253 142:432 143:370 144:490 145:77 146:510 147:283 148:770 149:319 150:149 151:186 152:473 153:176 154:19 155:406 156:222 157:381 158:190 159:628 160:341 161:264 162:379 163:192 164:674 165:413 166:588 167:529 168:914 169:127 170:900 171:149 172:5 173:1734 174:612 175:438 176:569 177:948 178:1641 180:1317 181:112 182:997 183:233 184:555 186:2040 187:1090 188:1370 189:1568 190:6121 192:6016 193:5542 194:4488 195:3210 196:1210 197:177 198:3681 199:4936 200:5991 201:1966 202:8695 203:8668 204:4392 205:2545 206:2791 207:2827 208:4046 209:3628 210:2783 211:1564 212:1973 213:1791 214:875 215:85 216:5085 217:1568 218:545 219:337 220:1222 221:572 222:336 223:347 End of report

9 10

DDoS using port 0 and 53 (DNS)
by Frank Bulk 26 Jul '12

26 Jul '12

Several times this year our customers have suffered DDoS' ranging from 30 Mbps to over 1 Gbps, sometimes sustained, sometimes in a several minute spurts. They are targeted at one IP address, and most times our netflow tool identifies that a large percentage of the traffic is "port 0". The one from today had about 89% port 0 and 11% port 53 (DNS). If it happens repeatedly or continuously we just have our upstream provider blackhole the target (victim) IP address. I've been tempted to ask our upstream provider to block all traffic to us that's targeted to tcp or udp port 0 -- is that safe to do? I found two NANOG archives that talk about this http://www.nanog.org/mailinglist/mailarchives/old_archive/2005-04/msg00091.h tml http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/nanog/users/18990 and the first suggests that port zero could really be fragmented packets. Unfortunately I don't have packet captures of any of the attacks, so I can't exam them for more detail, but wondering if there was some collective wisdom about blocking port 0. Regards, Frank

9 15

Paging Deutsche Telekom
by James Bensley 25 Jul '12

25 Jul '12

Any DTAG engineers on list? We are having a serious problem with them at present. Cheers, James.

2 1

url category database, flat file lists, or API
by JoeSox 25 Jul '12

25 Jul '12

Does anyone know of a open source database, flat file lists, or API that allows me to feed a url and have it return a category classification For example, something like this http://www1.k9webprotection.com/support/check-site-rating I know of dansguardian but it doesn't have battlefield.com as a game site and is more of a blacklist. I thought I saw one a few years back but it was only for linux but still had categories. -- Thanks, Joe

2 3

Contact from slb.com/Schlumberger Limited/Dexanet
by Nathan Eisenberg 24 Jul '12

24 Jul '12

Would a security contact from Schlumberger Limited please contact me off-list? Sorry for the noise. Nathan Eisenberg

1 0

Comcast cable modem software update push
by Dave Sotnick 24 Jul '12

24 Jul '12

Dear Nanog Users, I have recently been plagued by intermittent lockups on my Motorola BitSurfer 6121 cable modem, which I purchased based on Comcast's lists of recommended devices, and having good experience with Motorola products in the past. There's a good discussion on this topic here: http://goo.gl/SfHdh My technical question for the group is: When I finally talk to Comcast Tier 2 this week, what do I need to tell them to convince them that pushing out an update to SB6121 modems is a good idea? They seem convinced the onus is on Motorola to provide updates. This is not how DOCSIS 3.0 works! FWIW, the installed OS is 1.0.3.3 dated Aug 12 2010. The most recent I have heard of is 1.0.6.6. Apparently this fixes the lockups. Any tips greatly appreciated. -Dave

3 3