Random shower thought: GBIC with LC connector...
Hi there all, While looking through my big box of random optics I suddenly realized that I'd never seen a GBIC with an LC connector, and I started wondering if anyone else had / if such a thing actually exists. Yes, I realize that this would be a fairly niche device - if you arrived somewhere with a device that took GBICs and there was existing fiber with LC connectors you could just replace the patch cable or use an LC-SC convertor, but that doesn't really satisfy my curiosity. A quick look through the GBIC MSA / SFF documentation implies that such a thing *could* probably exist (there is a defined value for the 'LC' connector), but I wasn't able to actually find any. It might not actually be compliant with the specs (the document I found only lists SC fiber or copper (coax with BNC, TNC or DB-9?!)), but that doesn't mean that no-one made them. So, has anyone seen a regular (30mm/1.2") GBIC with LC connectors? And, if so, "pics or it didn't happen"... :-) Obviously I don't have an actual use for this, it's just to satisfy my (OCD) curiosity... W
No. GBIC stands for Great Big Inserted Cartridge. LC stands for Little Connector. Thus they are not compatible. -mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 7:59 AM, Warren Kumari <warren@kumari.net> wrote:
Hi there all,
While looking through my big box of random optics I suddenly realized that I'd never seen a GBIC with an LC connector, and I started wondering if anyone else had / if such a thing actually exists.
Yes, I realize that this would be a fairly niche device - if you arrived somewhere with a device that took GBICs and there was existing fiber with LC connectors you could just replace the patch cable or use an LC-SC convertor, but that doesn't really satisfy my curiosity.
A quick look through the GBIC MSA / SFF documentation implies that such a thing *could* probably exist (there is a defined value for the 'LC' connector), but I wasn't able to actually find any. It might not actually be compliant with the specs (the document I found only lists SC fiber or copper (coax with BNC, TNC or DB-9?!)), but that doesn't mean that no-one made them.
So, has anyone seen a regular (30mm/1.2") GBIC with LC connectors? And, if so, "pics or it didn't happen"... :-)
Obviously I don't have an actual use for this, it's just to satisfy my (OCD) curiosity... W
Oh. And it’s not “OCD”. It’s “CDO”, with letters in ascending sequence. :) -mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 8:18 AM, Mel Beckman <mel@beckman.org> wrote:
No. GBIC stands for Great Big Inserted Cartridge. LC stands for Little Connector. Thus they are not compatible.
-mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 7:59 AM, Warren Kumari <warren@kumari.net> wrote:
Hi there all,
While looking through my big box of random optics I suddenly realized that I'd never seen a GBIC with an LC connector, and I started wondering if anyone else had / if such a thing actually exists.
Yes, I realize that this would be a fairly niche device - if you arrived somewhere with a device that took GBICs and there was existing fiber with LC connectors you could just replace the patch cable or use an LC-SC convertor, but that doesn't really satisfy my curiosity.
A quick look through the GBIC MSA / SFF documentation implies that such a thing *could* probably exist (there is a defined value for the 'LC' connector), but I wasn't able to actually find any. It might not actually be compliant with the specs (the document I found only lists SC fiber or copper (coax with BNC, TNC or DB-9?!)), but that doesn't mean that no-one made them.
So, has anyone seen a regular (30mm/1.2") GBIC with LC connectors? And, if so, "pics or it didn't happen"... :-)
Obviously I don't have an actual use for this, it's just to satisfy my (OCD) curiosity... W
I feel like I've seen GBIC sleeves that accept SFP modules very similar to QSFP+ CVRs, but I can't seem to find any evidence of these ever existing, so perhaps I'm misremembering. -Matt On Tue, Nov 15, 2022 at 9:23 AM Mel Beckman <mel@beckman.org> wrote:
Oh. And it’s not “OCD”. It’s “CDO”, with letters in ascending sequence. :)
-mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 8:18 AM, Mel Beckman <mel@beckman.org> wrote:
No. GBIC stands for Great Big Inserted Cartridge. LC stands for Little Connector. Thus they are not compatible.
-mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 7:59 AM, Warren Kumari <warren@kumari.net> wrote:
Hi there all,
While looking through my big box of random optics I suddenly realized that I'd never seen a GBIC with an LC connector, and I started wondering if anyone else had / if such a thing actually exists.
Yes, I realize that this would be a fairly niche device - if you arrived somewhere with a device that took GBICs and there was existing fiber with LC connectors you could just replace the patch cable or use an LC-SC convertor, but that doesn't really satisfy my curiosity.
A quick look through the GBIC MSA / SFF documentation implies that such a thing *could* probably exist (there is a defined value for the 'LC' connector), but I wasn't able to actually find any. It might not actually be compliant with the specs (the document I found only lists SC fiber or copper (coax with BNC, TNC or DB-9?!)), but that doesn't mean that no-one made them.
So, has anyone seen a regular (30mm/1.2") GBIC with LC connectors? And, if so, "pics or it didn't happen"... :-)
Obviously I don't have an actual use for this, it's just to satisfy my (OCD) curiosity... W
-- Matt Erculiani ERCUL-ARIN
Those are Twin Gig Converter Modules. They went in the 3560 series (and probably others). You could either insert a 10 gig module, or the converter module and get 2 1-gig sfp slots. -----Original Message----- From: "Matt Erculiani" <merculiani@gmail.com> Sent: Tuesday, November 15, 2022 11:26am To: "Mel Beckman" <mel@beckman.org> Cc: "North American Network Operators' Group" <nanog@nanog.org> Subject: Re: Random shower thought: GBIC with LC connector... I feel like I've seen GBIC sleeves that accept SFP modules very similar to QSFP+ CVRs, but I can't seem to find any evidence of these ever existing, so perhaps I'm misremembering. -Matt On Tue, Nov 15, 2022 at 9:23 AM Mel Beckman <[ mel@beckman.org ]( mailto:mel@beckman.org )> wrote:Oh. And it’s not “OCD”. It’s “CDO”, with letters in ascending sequence. :) -mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 8:18 AM, Mel Beckman <[ mel@beckman.org ]( mailto:mel@beckman.org )> wrote:
No. GBIC stands for Great Big Inserted Cartridge. LC stands for Little Connector. Thus they are not compatible.
-mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 7:59 AM, Warren Kumari <[ warren@kumari.net ]( mailto:warren@kumari.net )> wrote:
Hi there all,
While looking through my big box of random optics I suddenly realized that I'd never seen a GBIC with an LC connector, and I started wondering if anyone else had / if such a thing actually exists.
Yes, I realize that this would be a fairly niche device - if you arrived somewhere with a device that took GBICs and there was existing fiber with LC connectors you could just replace the patch cable or use an LC-SC convertor, but that doesn't really satisfy my curiosity.
A quick look through the GBIC MSA / SFF documentation implies that such a thing *could* probably exist (there is a defined value for the 'LC' connector), but I wasn't able to actually find any. It might not actually be compliant with the specs (the document I found only lists SC fiber or copper (coax with BNC, TNC or DB-9?!)), but that doesn't mean that no-one made them.
So, has anyone seen a regular (30mm/1.2") GBIC with LC connectors? And, if so, "pics or it didn't happen"... :-)
Obviously I don't have an actual use for this, it's just to satisfy my (OCD) curiosity... W
--
Matt Erculiani ERCUL-ARIN
Maybe you're thinking of X2, looking similar to GBIC but even bigger? There were converters taking 2 gig SFPs in one X2 slot. Don't think either GBIC to SFP or GBIC with LC makes much sense. The alternatives were dirt cheap and easily available by the time these could have been products. Bjørn Matt Erculiani <merculiani@gmail.com> writes:
I feel like I've seen GBIC sleeves that accept SFP modules very similar to QSFP+ CVRs, but I can't seem to find any evidence of these ever existing, so perhaps I'm misremembering.
-Matt
On Tue, Nov 15, 2022 at 9:23 AM Mel Beckman <mel@beckman.org> wrote:
Oh. And it’s not “OCD”. It’s “CDO”, with letters in ascending sequence. :)
-mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 8:18 AM, Mel Beckman <mel@beckman.org> wrote:
No. GBIC stands for Great Big Inserted Cartridge. LC stands for Little Connector. Thus they are not compatible.
-mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 7:59 AM, Warren Kumari <warren@kumari.net> wrote:
Hi there all,
While looking through my big box of random optics I suddenly realized that I'd never seen a GBIC with an LC connector, and I started wondering if anyone else had / if such a thing actually exists.
Yes, I realize that this would be a fairly niche device - if you arrived somewhere with a device that took GBICs and there was existing fiber with LC connectors you could just replace the patch cable or use an LC-SC convertor, but that doesn't really satisfy my curiosity.
A quick look through the GBIC MSA / SFF documentation implies that such a thing *could* probably exist (there is a defined value for the 'LC' connector), but I wasn't able to actually find any. It might not actually be compliant with the specs (the document I found only lists SC fiber or copper (coax with BNC, TNC or DB-9?!)), but that doesn't mean that no-one made them.
So, has anyone seen a regular (30mm/1.2") GBIC with LC connectors? And, if so, "pics or it didn't happen"... :-)
Obviously I don't have an actual use for this, it's just to satisfy my (OCD) curiosity... W
Ahhhh, Gbics: If you google ws-g5483, 84, 86, 87 - you’ll see the whole line up. All had sc connectors except 83 which was copper rj45 connector. Sent from my iPhone
On Nov 15, 2022, at 8:49 AM, Bjørn Mork <bjorn@mork.no> wrote:
Maybe you're thinking of X2, looking similar to GBIC but even bigger? There were converters taking 2 gig SFPs in one X2 slot.
Don't think either GBIC to SFP or GBIC with LC makes much sense. The alternatives were dirt cheap and easily available by the time these could have been products.
Bjørn
Matt Erculiani <merculiani@gmail.com> writes:
I feel like I've seen GBIC sleeves that accept SFP modules very similar to QSFP+ CVRs, but I can't seem to find any evidence of these ever existing, so perhaps I'm misremembering.
-Matt
On Tue, Nov 15, 2022 at 9:23 AM Mel Beckman <mel@beckman.org> wrote:
Oh. And it’s not “OCD”. It’s “CDO”, with letters in ascending sequence. :)
-mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 8:18 AM, Mel Beckman <mel@beckman.org> wrote:
No. GBIC stands for Great Big Inserted Cartridge. LC stands for Little Connector. Thus they are not compatible.
-mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 7:59 AM, Warren Kumari <warren@kumari.net> wrote:
Hi there all,
While looking through my big box of random optics I suddenly realized that I'd never seen a GBIC with an LC connector, and I started wondering if anyone else had / if such a thing actually exists.
Yes, I realize that this would be a fairly niche device - if you arrived somewhere with a device that took GBICs and there was existing fiber with LC connectors you could just replace the patch cable or use an LC-SC convertor, but that doesn't really satisfy my curiosity.
A quick look through the GBIC MSA / SFF documentation implies that such a thing *could* probably exist (there is a defined value for the 'LC' connector), but I wasn't able to actually find any. It might not actually be compliant with the specs (the document I found only lists SC fiber or copper (coax with BNC, TNC or DB-9?!)), but that doesn't mean that no-one made them.
So, has anyone seen a regular (30mm/1.2") GBIC with LC connectors? And, if so, "pics or it didn't happen"... :-)
Obviously I don't have an actual use for this, it's just to satisfy my (OCD) curiosity... W
On Tue, Nov 15, 2022 at 12:55 PM, Eric Litvin <eric@lumaoptics.net> wrote:
Ahhhh, Gbics:
If you google ws-g5483, 84, 86, 87 - you’ll see the whole line up. All had sc connectors except 83 which was copper rj45 connector.
Well, clearly that's not true. As examples: The Cisco GigaStack GBIC - https://www.mtmnet.com/PDF_FILES/WS-X3500-XL_DataSheet.pdf - uses the 6 pin IEEE1394 (Firewire) connector 1000Base-CX uses twinax shielded twisted pair and the "HSSDC" connector - e.g: https://www.ebay.com/itm/372539150316 I've seen (but cannot find a photo at the moment) a DB-9 GBIC (to allow connection to DB-9 fiber channel stuff) Someone used to sell an HD-BNC GBIC - basically the GBIC version of https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1430372-REG/wohler_sfp_sdi_output_3g_... I've also somewhere seen an "F-style" coax GBIC to allow reuse of in-building coax - basically looked like a GBIC form factor version of http://www.mdslink.com/magic-sfp/ W
Sent from my iPhone
On Nov 15, 2022, at 8:49 AM, Bjørn Mork <bjorn@mork.no> wrote:
Maybe you're thinking of X2, looking similar to GBIC but even bigger? There were converters taking 2 gig SFPs in one X2 slot.
Don't think either GBIC to SFP or GBIC with LC makes much sense. The alternatives were dirt cheap and easily available by the time these could have been products.
Bjørn
Matt Erculiani <merculiani@gmail.com> writes:
I feel like I've seen GBIC sleeves that accept SFP modules very similar to QSFP+ CVRs, but I can't seem to find any evidence of these ever existing, so perhaps I'm misremembering.
-Matt
On Tue, Nov 15, 2022 at 9:23 AM Mel Beckman <mel@beckman.org> wrote:
Oh. And it’s not “OCD”. It’s “CDO”, with letters in ascending sequence. :)
-mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 8:18 AM, Mel Beckman <mel@beckman.org> wrote:
No. GBIC stands for Great Big Inserted Cartridge. LC stands for Little
Connector. Thus they are not compatible.
-mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 7:59 AM, Warren Kumari <warren@kumari.net> wrote:
Hi there all,
While looking through my big box of random optics I suddenly realized
that I'd never seen a GBIC with an LC connector, and I started wondering if anyone else had / if such a thing actually exists.
Yes, I realize that this would be a fairly niche device - if you
arrived somewhere with a device that took GBICs and there was existing fiber with LC connectors you could just replace the patch cable or use an LC-SC convertor, but that doesn't really satisfy my curiosity.
A quick look through the GBIC MSA / SFF documentation implies that such
a thing *could* probably exist (there is a defined value for the 'LC' connector), but I wasn't able to actually find any. It might not actually be compliant with the specs (the document I found only lists SC fiber or copper (coax with BNC, TNC or DB-9?!)), but that doesn't mean that no-one made them.
So, has anyone seen a regular (30mm/1.2") GBIC with LC connectors? And,
if so, "pics or it didn't happen"... :-)
Obviously I don't have an actual use for this, it's just to satisfy my
(OCD) curiosity...
W
On Nov 15, 2022, at 2:09 PM, Warren Kumari <warren@kumari.net> wrote:
On Tue, Nov 15, 2022 at 12:55 PM, Eric Litvin <eric@lumaoptics.net> wrote: Ahhhh, Gbics:
If you google ws-g5483, 84, 86, 87 - you’ll see the whole line up. All had sc connectors except 83 which was copper rj45 connector.
Well, clearly that's not true.
As examples: The Cisco GigaStack GBIC - https://www.mtmnet.com/PDF_FILES/WS-X3500-XL_DataSheet.pdf - uses the 6 pin IEEE1394 (Firewire) connector
1000Base-CX uses twinax shielded twisted pair and the "HSSDC" connector - e.g: https://www.ebay.com/itm/372539150316
I've seen (but cannot find a photo at the moment) a DB-9 GBIC (to allow connection to DB-9 fiber channel stuff)
Someone used to sell an HD-BNC GBIC - basically the GBIC version of https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1430372-REG/wohler_sfp_sdi_output_3g_...
I've also somewhere seen an "F-style" coax GBIC to allow reuse of in-building coax - basically looked like a GBIC form factor version of http://www.mdslink.com/magic-sfp/
There’s a lot of things here that are feasible, because many modules are in the same form factor, eg XFP that is EDFA etc. The specs (SFF-8024) have a variety of types and encodings with GBIC 2.4.2 and table 4.2 The SFF-8024 is being revved to v4.9.2 right now, so there’s always enhancements. The SFP can be used to do SDI or other types of output that are non-IP. It is nice to seeing things move to CMIS if you’ve dealt with all the lack-of-clarity in the hardware and software specifications for what bits are set or required to be set, which is why some optics haven’t always worked because the EEPROM had TX_Disable set or similar. - Jared
Unless you work for Intel or DEC in which case, it’s O0 DC. Owen
On Nov 15, 2022, at 08:20, Mel Beckman <mel@beckman.org> wrote:
Oh. And it’s not “OCD”. It’s “CDO”, with letters in ascending sequence. :)
-mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 8:18 AM, Mel Beckman <mel@beckman.org> wrote:
No. GBIC stands for Great Big Inserted Cartridge. LC stands for Little Connector. Thus they are not compatible.
-mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 7:59 AM, Warren Kumari <warren@kumari.net> wrote:
Hi there all,
While looking through my big box of random optics I suddenly realized that I'd never seen a GBIC with an LC connector, and I started wondering if anyone else had / if such a thing actually exists.
Yes, I realize that this would be a fairly niche device - if you arrived somewhere with a device that took GBICs and there was existing fiber with LC connectors you could just replace the patch cable or use an LC-SC convertor, but that doesn't really satisfy my curiosity.
A quick look through the GBIC MSA / SFF documentation implies that such a thing *could* probably exist (there is a defined value for the 'LC' connector), but I wasn't able to actually find any. It might not actually be compliant with the specs (the document I found only lists SC fiber or copper (coax with BNC, TNC or DB-9?!)), but that doesn't mean that no-one made them.
So, has anyone seen a regular (30mm/1.2") GBIC with LC connectors? And, if so, "pics or it didn't happen"... :-)
Obviously I don't have an actual use for this, it's just to satisfy my (OCD) curiosity... W
GBIC stands for Great Big Inserted Cartridge
Classic - I needed a good laugh for today :) On Tue, Nov 15, 2022 at 9:17 AM Mel Beckman <mel@beckman.org> wrote:
No. GBIC stands for Great Big Inserted Cartridge. LC stands for Little Connector. Thus they are not compatible.
-mel via cell
On Nov 15, 2022, at 7:59 AM, Warren Kumari <warren@kumari.net> wrote:
Hi there all,
While looking through my big box of random optics I suddenly realized that I'd never seen a GBIC with an LC connector, and I started wondering if anyone else had / if such a thing actually exists.
Yes, I realize that this would be a fairly niche device - if you arrived somewhere with a device that took GBICs and there was existing fiber with LC connectors you could just replace the patch cable or use an LC-SC convertor, but that doesn't really satisfy my curiosity.
A quick look through the GBIC MSA / SFF documentation implies that such a thing *could* probably exist (there is a defined value for the 'LC' connector), but I wasn't able to actually find any. It might not actually be compliant with the specs (the document I found only lists SC fiber or copper (coax with BNC, TNC or DB-9?!)), but that doesn't mean that no-one made them.
So, has anyone seen a regular (30mm/1.2") GBIC with LC connectors? And, if so, "pics or it didn't happen"... :-)
Obviously I don't have an actual use for this, it's just to satisfy my (OCD) curiosity... W
On 11/15/22 08:16, Mel Beckman wrote:
No. GBIC stands for Great Big Inserted Cartridge. LC stands for Little Connector. Thus they are not compatible.
LC is Little Click. As opposed to ST = Stab and Twist and SC = Stab and Click. I haven't seen such a thing for GBIC to SFP and the height may be insufficient to do so, but in the 10G realm there are adapters that convert an X2 slot to accept SFP+. I've never seen a native GBIC with LC connectors. There are these things, but you have to remove the clip on the LC side to separate them. https://www.fs.com/products/32579.html -- Jay Hennigan - jay@west.net Network Engineering - CCIE #7880 503 897-8550 - WB6RDV
Warren, Do SFP+ modules count? https://www.enetusa.com/455886-b21-enc https://www.enetusa.com/455883-b21-enc I have a pair of the multimode versions of this sitting on my desk as I type this. Thanks, -- Jamie Bowden Senior Computer Network Technologist II O: +1 703.842.3848 C: +1 703.403.9745 jamie.s.bowden@raytheon.com<mailto:jamie.s.bowden@raytheon.com> jamie.s.bowden@rtx.com<mailto:jamie.s.bowden@rtx.com> Raytheon Intelligence & Space Digital Technology 1100 Wilson Blvd. Suite 2000 Arlington, VA 22209 RTX.com<https://www.rtx.com/> | LinkedIn<https://www.linkedin.com/company/raytheontechnologies> | Twitter<https://twitter.com/raytheontech> | Instagram<https://www.instagram.com/raytheontechnologies> Upcoming PTO: From: NANOG <nanog-bounces+jamie.s.bowden=raytheon.com@nanog.org> On Behalf Of Warren Kumari Sent: Tuesday, November 15, 2022 10:56 AM To: North American Network Operators' Group <nanog@nanog.org> Subject: [External] Random shower thought: GBIC with LC connector... Hi there all, While looking through my big box of random optics I suddenly realized that I'd never seen a GBIC with an LC connector, and I started wondering if anyone else had / if such a thing actually exists. Yes, I realize that this would be a fairly niche device - if you arrived somewhere with a device that took GBICs and there was existing fiber with LC connectors you could just replace the patch cable or use an LC-SC convertor, but that doesn't really satisfy my curiosity. A quick look through the GBIC MSA / SFF documentation implies that such a thing *could* probably exist (there is a defined value for the 'LC' connector), but I wasn't able to actually find any. It might not actually be compliant with the specs (the document I found only lists SC fiber or copper (coax with BNC, TNC or DB-9?!)), but that doesn't mean that no-one made them. So, has anyone seen a regular (30mm/1.2") GBIC with LC connectors? And, if so, "pics or it didn't happen"... :-) Obviously I don't have an actual use for this, it's just to satisfy my (OCD) curiosity... W
On Tue, Nov 15 2022 at 11:16 AM, Jamie Bowden <jamie.s.bowden@raytheon.com> wrote:
Warren,
Do SFP+ modules count?
Nope -- it has to be an old-school (~1.2" wide) GBIC style thingie. SFP(+) / XENPAK / X2 / QSFP / X2-SFP adapters, etc are all excluded... W
https://www.enetusa.com/455886-b21-enc
https://www.enetusa.com/455883-b21-enc
I have a pair of the multimode versions of this sitting on my desk as I type this.
Thanks,
--
*Jamie Bowden*
Senior Computer Network Technologist II
O: +1 703.842.3848
C: +1 703.403.9745 jamie.s.bowden@raytheon.com
jamie.s.bowden@rtx.com
*Raytheon Intelligence & Space*
Digital Technology
1100 Wilson Blvd.
Suite 2000
Arlington, VA 22209
RTX.com <https://www.rtx.com/> | LinkedIn <https://www.linkedin.com/company/raytheontechnologies> | Twitter <https://twitter.com/raytheontech> | Instagram <https://www.instagram.com/raytheontechnologies>
Upcoming PTO:
*From:* NANOG <nanog-bounces+jamie.s.bowden=raytheon.com@nanog.org> *On Behalf Of *Warren Kumari *Sent:* Tuesday, November 15, 2022 10:56 AM *To:* North American Network Operators' Group <nanog@nanog.org> *Subject:* [External] Random shower thought: GBIC with LC connector...
Hi there all,
While looking through my big box of random optics I suddenly realized that I'd never seen a GBIC with an LC connector, and I started wondering if anyone else had / if such a thing actually exists.
Yes, I realize that this would be a fairly niche device - if you arrived somewhere with a device that took GBICs and there was existing fiber with LC connectors you could just replace the patch cable or use an LC-SC convertor, but that doesn't really satisfy my curiosity.
A quick look through the GBIC MSA / SFF documentation implies that such a thing *could* probably exist (there is a defined value for the 'LC' connector), but I wasn't able to actually find any. It might not actually be compliant with the specs (the document I found only lists SC fiber or copper (coax with BNC, TNC or DB-9?!)), but that doesn't mean that no-one made them.
So, has anyone seen a regular (30mm/1.2") GBIC with LC connectors? And, if so, "pics or it didn't happen"... :-)
Obviously I don't have an actual use for this, it's just to satisfy my (OCD) curiosity...
W
participants (12)
-
Bjørn Mork
-
Eric Litvin
-
Jamie Bowden
-
Jared Mauch
-
Jay Hennigan
-
Kevin Shymkiw
-
Matt Erculiani
-
Mel Beckman
-
Owen DeLong
-
Shawn L
-
Warren Kumari
-
warren@kumari.net