All of them do, to my knowledge. It's Metcalfe et al who are calling for change in the direction of resource reservation and per-connection charging. --vadim Vadim, Metcalfe certainly is not the first, or the last, to call for "reservations" and last time I looked a lot of the work in the IETF is centered on this area. This does bring up the interesting point of will/should the Internet business model change to support reservations. Let's assume some kind of "promise" beyond the current best effort service is offered. Do you really believe this will not be based on usage? peter