ftp.gatekeeper.com, like all content hosting sites, attracts users to one location, when it could instead attract users to the same content in multiple locations. This is inefficient. Many archive sites direct people to mirrors topologically closer to them, and as more actual content owners purchase duplicate sites in places like Europe (http://www.europe.cnn.com, http://www.yahoo.{se, .co.uk, .ca}) both for the technical gains and also as a means of strengthening one's brand globally. This is much more efficient. This should be carried on. It is in carriers' interests to encourage the trend too, and it is probably a good idea to work out means of hosting content more locally than data centres in California, as a means of increasing network efficiency. It is in content-owners' interests to encourage the trend also, as ultimately their brand is the one that is hurt by unreliability. Yes, it might hurt carrier X's business when carrier X cannot get to Popular Content Site, but some fraction of carrier X's customers will go away thinking, "performance to Popular Content Site sucks! Popular Company sucks!" Moreover, as the capacity market distortions are sorted out in many places, it almost certainly will be cheaper for content owners to spread the work of distribution around, so that the traffic stays as local as possible. Sean.