I thought I understood but from recent contexts here it is clear that I do not. I thought a resolver was code in your local machine that provide hostname (FQDN?), given address; or address, given host name (with assists to build FQDN). And I thought a "server" was a separate program, might be on the same machine, might be on another machine (might be on the local net, might be distant) that the resolver code called for information that was not in local cache. Just what is the straight scoop? -- "Government big enough to supply everything you need is big enough to take everything you have." Remember: The Ark was built by amateurs, the Titanic by professionals. Requiescas in pace o email Ex turpi causa non oritur actio Eppure si rinfresca ICBM Targeting Information: http://tinyurl.com/4sqczs http://tinyurl.com/7tp8ml