Project Sonar from Rapid7 conducts internet-wide surveys and is kind enough to share the data with researchers:

On Sun, Jun 19, 2022 at 10:24 PM Mark Seiden <mis@seiden.com> wrote:

btw, if you want to do this yourself, you might consider using something like

https://github.com/opsdisk/scantron

Amreesh Phokeer