Thanks, all, for the replies.
After speaking to Kovich in unicast, I realized I needed to
explain the issue in more detail.
When we ran Exchange on-prem or in the cloud, there was no issue
running macOS's native Calendar app with it. However, when we
moved to the Office 365 cloud service, it is a whole other affair
with how Microsoft offer that service compared to their
generic/previous cloud Exchange.
With Office 365, non-Microsoft apps have to be pre-approved by
Microsoft, at which point they can be loaded into the master
profile for your enterprise account with them, e.g., Thunderbird,
e.t.c.
This all became necessary after Microsoft (and other cloud
providers) deprecated/favoured "Normal Password" authentication
for OAuth2 authentication. In Microsoft's case, it was a full-on
deprecation.
Google have the same feature for their cloud services, something
they call "Less secure apps". However, Google seem to be more
generic about allowing non-Google apps to access their cloud vs.
Microsoft who need to pre-approve 3rd party apps that you can add
to your enterprise profile. Well, at least as far as I can tell.
Microsoft call it "Admin Consent", or something like that:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/manage-apps/configure-admin-consent-workflow
Thunderbird, and as far as I can tell, iOS in general, are
supported. So I can use Thunderbird to read e-mails hosted by
Office 365, because that is a 3rd party app Microsoft support and
that your 365 admins. can authorize. There are a ton of other 3rd
party apps Microsoft support on 365 from a multitude of other
developers.
However, macOS's native Calendar app is not one of them. This
surprises me, which is why I reached out.
A link of what pops up on the macOS Calendar app (and other
non-Microsoft apps), looks like this:
https://ibb.co/XtvfpJ8
I realize that how Office 365 works on the back-end is probably
foreign to a lot of people (I know it is for me), but hopefully
there is one person here that knows enough about this to point me
in the right direction, as our own 365 admins. are stumped.
Mark.