One useful definition of (some sorts of) insanity is doing the same thing over and over but expecting different results. I therefore assert there is no technical solution to spam. What will stop it is some sort of new economic model, billing for e-mail (yeah yeah some reasonable amt "included"), along with vigorous enforcement of that model against theft of service etc. Miscreants of the sort we're dealing with only understand jail time. But, as they say, ya get what ya pay for, or put differently and to paraphrase someone else who I don't know wants the attribution: Most people want free e-mail in the worst way, and that's just how they get it. I'll venture that any such sea-change will not come from the technical community. That's another example of doing the same thing over and over; clearly the internet technical community is stuck in a rut on this issue and has been for years. -b