Dave Temkin wrote:
They are representative of the most important IXPs to deliver traffic from in Western Europe.
I don't doubt that they are important IXPs for delivering traffic. However, no other IXP in europe (both eastern and western) is doing expansion outside the countries that they operate in, other than three out of the four that you mentioned; none of the member-owned organisations in the region are making large profits or in most cases anything more than marginal profits, and all of them have lower port costs. Also, none of their activities suggest that their marketing budgets are large. These, I think, were the main points of contention you were concerned about.
I would posit that what defines important to me may not be what defines important to you and the same can be said when you look at how various "internet" companies look at what's important in their vertical.
We're not talking about relative importance; we're talking about whether the problems you identified with the four IXPs named in your talk are representative of problems with the larger IXP community. I cannot find evidence that they are, at least not in the areas that you identified as problems.
Netnod runs a dns root server system (i.root-servers.net <http://i.root-servers.net>) as well as a heavy duty time service.
There are others who do this for no cost and some who do it for government money. Whether or not my port fees should subsidize this is a valid question, and was brought up in the Q&A afterwards.
All root operators do this for no charge, but at substantial cost. Running a root dns server system is one of the things what Netnod does because that's one of the things that the organisation is chartered to do.
Regarding the pricing reduction on page 16 of your preso, the US$ and UK£ are not much different than what they were 5 years ago, but the € has dropped by 30% against the US$.
You speak to this below, however if my business is primarily run in USD (which was the relevant use case presented: I'm a US company deciding if I should peer in Europe or buy transit) then those currency fluctuations have a very different impact than if I'm a European company functioning primarily in local currency.
Oh sure, but this is a matter that you need to take up with your financial people. I have no doubt that Netflix employs smart financial people, and that their decisions are the right thing for Netflix. IXPs are going to operate in their local currency and they cannot be held responsible for international currency fluctuations. From this respect, I don't think it's useful to bring this up in a critical context because it's not something that they can influence in any way whatever.
I did purposefully mention SIX as a polar opposite example - there is definitely a happy medium to be found.
This edges into one of the things that is crucial to this discussion, and it was unfortunate that it wasn't explored more. The crux is that there is a substantial cultural difference between how US people view IXPs and how european people view IXPs. As far as I can tell there are, for the most part, two types of IXPs in the US: commercial and co-operative. How they differ from european IXPs is that the commercials are almost all run by the data centres and are tied to those data centres. Most if not all of the co-operative IXPs are to some degree or other financed by donations or sponsorship and the donation types are: cash, equipment and manpower. In europe, there are three types of IXP: commercial, member based and non-member, non-profit. Many of the commercial IXPs are not owned by the data centres (e.g. NL-IX, ECIX, etc). The member-owned IXPs are answerable fully to their membership (e.g. LINX, INEX), and the non-member, non-profit IXPs (Netnod, VIX, etc) provide a service to the community as they see fit, but are not required to answer to the organisations who use them for peering services, even if they are likely to listen to what those organisations say. Crucially, almost all of the european non-profit IXPs are 100% self-funded without donations, sponsorship or subsidisation of manpower. They have offices, admin people, support staff and everything else that a normal business has. IXP staff are paid market rates because if you don't do this, they walk. They do this because this having a dependable income source ensures long term stability and their members / customers / peering participants need to know that the organisation that supports their business is built on a sound structural foundation. This matters to them and they are prepared to pay for it. The flip side of it is that European non-profit IXPs are, by design, more expensive than US non-profit IXPs and there are almost no free / zero-recurrent-cost IXPs in the region. So I would question comparing a european IXP with e.g. SIX or CommunityIX and would suggest that this is a case of apples and bananas. Both are yummy, but whether you prefer one or another is a matter of taste. How IXPs spend revenue is a different matter. You're right to bring this topic up because scrutiny is what keeps things honest. Nick