Hello All, Need some help/insight from you guys on this: Company A is an incorporated in Europe, where it main business is, however it has some pops within USA. Company A uses services from several companies within USA. (carrier H, C, Z, G, L, etc..) all in the United States to remotelly connect his stuff. All companies charge company A the agreed fees, except company Z. Company A has two services with company Z. One is IP Transit (in SFO, CA) Other is a Metro Wavelenght (also in SFO, CA) Company Z charges company A on top of agreed services: for IP Transit (other charges representing roughly 6%) for the wavelenght (a lot of charges, such as the ones described below) - FCC Regulatory Fee (wireline) - Fed Universal Service Fund - CA High Cost Fund A - CA Teleconnect Fund - CA TRS - CASF - Universal Lifeline Telephone Service Charge - Utility Users Tax nevertheless company A DOES NOT have any "Telephone" services or whatsoever in the USA. At the end of the day what was meant to be a fixed bill is in fact a 20% higher one... So... my question IS: Is an European company (or whatsoever foreign wholesale company) WITHOUT ANY customers in USA liable to pay those taxes to the carrier ? Thanks for all you help. /Nuno