Re: Is the .to (Tonga) domain completely rogue and should be removed?
I have a legit .to domain. I paid $100 for it like any .com domain, which of course has no porn sites. or something... Sincerely, Andy Walden System Administrator MTCO Communications 1-800-859-6826 On Wed, 30 Sep 1998, Barry Shein wrote:
We've been having increasing problems with one or more porn sites in the .to domain promoting itself by massive spamming of AOL customers using one of our domains in their From: header thus causing both complaints to us and thousands of bounces from AOL due to bad AOL addresses in their spam lists.
Looking at the .to domain I can't help but notice it's heavily laden with what appear to be porn sites (sexonline.to, come.to, xxxhardcore.to, etc.)
1. Performing traceroutes and other analyses seems to indicate that this domain is NOT being used for communication with entities legitimately located (legally, not only geographically) within the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Tonga, as intended.
2. Clearly criminal and malicious activites are arising from sites to which Tonga has provided comfort and sanctuary.
3. Therefore, I call for a process whereby it can be determined as to whether or not it is appropriate to decommission the Tongan domain due to negligence, mismanagement, and having allowed it to become an attractive resource for criminal activities. I do not believe the Tongan domain serves any legitimate purpose as an internet resource.
In support of this assertion I want to show you an SMTP conversation with what claims to be the Consulate of the Government of Tonga in San Francisco (This San Francisco office is listed as an official Tongan contact point for visas etc by the US State Dept):
world% telnet sfconsulate.gov.to 25 Trying 209.24.51.169... Connected to sfconsulate.gov.to. Escape character is '^]'. 220 colo.to SMTP ready, Who are you gonna pretend to be today? VRFY postmaster 500 Bloody Amateur! Proper forging of mail requires recognizable SMTP commands!
--------------------
Viewing the web page for the Tongan Consulate in the US (http://sfconsulate.gov.to) reveals nothing but an ad for a software company, this page ends with:
Need a domain name? Contact the Kingdom of Tonga Internet domain name registry.
--------------------
Consequently, I assert there is no reason for this domain to exist and it should be removed from the root name servers.
-- -Barry Shein
Software Tool & Die | bzs@world.std.com | http://www.world.com Purveyors to the Trade | Voice: 617-739-0202 | Login: 617-739-WRLD The World | Public Access Internet | Since 1989 *oo*
On September 30, 1998 at 15:14 andy@enigma.mtco.com (Andy Walden) wrote:
I have a legit .to domain. I paid $100 for it like any .com domain, which of course has no porn sites.
or something...
By "legit" do you mean its purpose is to operate a business or other entity organized within the Kingdom of Tonga? -- -Barry Shein Software Tool & Die | bzs@world.std.com | http://www.world.com Purveyors to the Trade | Voice: 617-739-0202 | Login: 617-739-WRLD The World | Public Access Internet | Since 1989 *oo*
"legit" in I paid $100 for a service, the same as you did when you contracted the std.com domain. Network abuse needs to be handled on the provider/upstream level. Leave the registries alone as they have enough problems as it is. Sincerely, Andy Walden System Administrator MTCO Communications 1-800-859-6826 On Thu, 1 Oct 1998, Barry Shein wrote:
On September 30, 1998 at 15:14 andy@enigma.mtco.com (Andy Walden) wrote:
I have a legit .to domain. I paid $100 for it like any .com domain, which of course has no porn sites.
or something...
By "legit" do you mean its purpose is to operate a business or other entity organized within the Kingdom of Tonga?
-- -Barry Shein
Software Tool & Die | bzs@world.std.com | http://www.world.com Purveyors to the Trade | Voice: 617-739-0202 | Login: 617-739-WRLD The World | Public Access Internet | Since 1989 *oo*
On October 1, 1998 at 01:28 andy@enigma.mtco.com (Andy Walden) wrote:
"legit" in I paid $100 for a service, the same as you did when you
that doesn't make it legit, that just might mean you're out $100.
contracted the std.com domain. Network abuse needs to be handled on the
No, I registered std.com as a commercial site in the commercial TLD. And your connection to the Kingdom of Tonga is...?
provider/upstream level. Leave the registries alone as they have enough problems as it is.
I think your opinion might be colored by the possibility of your being out $100 if the .to domain is decommissioned. -- -Barry Shein Software Tool & Die | bzs@world.std.com | http://www.world.com Purveyors to the Trade | Voice: 617-739-0202 | Login: 617-739-WRLD The World | Public Access Internet | Since 1989 *oo*
On Thu, Oct 01, 1998 at 02:35:27PM -0400, Barry Shein wrote:
No, I registered std.com as a commercial site in the commercial TLD. And your connection to the Kingdom of Tonga is...?
Um, Barry? Not to put too fine a point on it, but I believe the answer to that question is "good enough for the Kingdom of Tonga", and they're the only people to whom it _needs_ to be a good enough connection... or _are_ you asserting that it ought to be someone else's business? Cheers, -- jra -- Jay R. Ashworth jra@baylink.com Member of the Technical Staff "The net is safer in bad weather: you The Suncoast Freenet can't run a backhoe Tampa Bay, Florida in a hurricane." (after Sean Donelan) +1 813 790 7592 Managing Editor, Top Of The Key sports e-zine ------------ http://www.totk.com
In the immortal words of Jay R. Ashworth (jra@scfn.thpl.lib.fl.us):
On Thu, Oct 01, 1998 at 02:35:27PM -0400, Barry Shein wrote:
No, I registered std.com as a commercial site in the commercial TLD. And your connection to the Kingdom of Tonga is...?
Um, Barry? Not to put too fine a point on it, but I believe the answer to that question is "good enough for the Kingdom of Tonga", and they're the only people to whom it _needs_ to be a good enough connection...
Actually, the answer is: A customer. -n -----------------------------------------------------------<memory@blank.org> "History, which torments other countries, most just teases America." (--www.suck.com) <http://www.blank.org/memory/>-----------------------------------------------
I have a legit .to domain. I paid $100 for it like any .com domain, which of course has no porn sites.
or something...
By "legit" do you mean its purpose is to operate a business or other entity organized within the Kingdom of Tonga?
No, simply legally registered. Let me ask the same question again: "Who are you to decide what is the legitimate business activity for the Kingdom of Tonga?" As far as businesses go, Loral Space and Communications Ltd would be a Bermuda corporation. Does it mean that it has to have its website in Bermuda's TLD? Alex
On October 1, 1998 at 02:32 alex@netaxs.com (Alex Yuriev) wrote:
I have a legit .to domain. I paid $100 for it like any .com domain, which of course has no porn sites.
or something...
By "legit" do you mean its purpose is to operate a business or other entity organized within the Kingdom of Tonga?
No, simply legally registered.
In high school some upper-class students would sell incoming freshman swimming pool passes. Unfortunately, our high school had no swimming pool. But I guess if they paid for them they were "legitimate" pool passes.
Let me ask the same question again: "Who are you to decide what is the legitimate business activity for the Kingdom of Tonga?"
If it were solely up to me I wouldn't have to sound this issue out in public.
As far as businesses go, Loral Space and Communications Ltd would be a Bermuda corporation. Does it mean that it has to have its website in Bermuda's TLD?
No. It means it would be peculiar if it had its domain in the Kingdom of Tonga's TLD. However, you have the logic backwards. The question isn't so much "does there exist any non-criminal SLD in the .to TLD". The question is: Does there exist any legitimate purpose for the .to TLD? Such as serving the Kingdom of Tonga or entities organized in the Kingdom of Tonga in any way? Or is it just rogue? -- -Barry Shein Software Tool & Die | bzs@world.std.com | http://www.world.com Purveyors to the Trade | Voice: 617-739-0202 | Login: 617-739-WRLD The World | Public Access Internet | Since 1989 *oo*
On 10/01/98, Barry Shein <bzs@world.std.com> wrote:
The question isn't so much "does there exist any non-criminal SLD in the .to TLD". The question is: Does there exist any legitimate purpose for the .to TLD? Such as serving the Kingdom of Tonga or entities organized in the Kingdom of Tonga in any way? Or is it just rogue?
Who are we to decide? I think it's up to the Kingdom of Tonga, not a nearly-random group of network engineers. But as always, you are quite welcome to configure your nameservers to ignore .TO domains. -- J.D. Falk <jdfalk@cp.net> Have you hugged your backups today? Special Agent In Charge (Abuse Issues) Critical Path, Inc. ------ Critical Path is hiring in all departments! ------
The question isn't so much "does there exist any non-criminal SLD in the .to TLD". The question is: Does there exist any legitimate purpose for the .to TLD? Such as serving the Kingdom of Tonga or entities organized in the Kingdom of Tonga in any way? Or is it just rogue?
That's for the owners of the TLD to decide, isn't it? Who are you or I to determine what is and is not in the interests of the Kingdom of Tonga? For example, can you tell me with absolute certainty that the porn sites you're complaining about aren't in fact funded and operated by the government, with the profits of these operations going into government coffers? Just 'cause that kind of thing is incomprehensible in the United States doesn't mean that it can't, or even shouldn't, happen. ag
On Thu, Oct 01, 1998 at 04:22:21AM -0400, Barry Shein wrote:
The question isn't so much "does there exist any non-criminal SLD in the .to TLD". The question is: Does there exist any legitimate purpose for the .to TLD? Such as serving the Kingdom of Tonga or entities organized in the Kingdom of Tonga in any way? Or is it just rogue?
Well, someone just offered to ask the king; here's what they should ask: "Are you satisfied with the behavior of the people to whom you have delegated the authority to manage your TLD?" If he is... end of story. Cheers, -- jr 'for the _rest_ of us, anyway...' a -- Jay R. Ashworth jra@baylink.com Member of the Technical Staff "The net is safer in bad weather: you The Suncoast Freenet can't run a backhoe Tampa Bay, Florida in a hurricane." (after Sean Donelan) +1 813 790 7592 Managing Editor, Top Of The Key sports e-zine ------------ http://www.totk.com
On Thu, Oct 01, 1998 at 04:22:21AM -0400, Barry Shein wrote:
In high school some upper-class students would sell incoming freshman swimming pool passes. Unfortunately, our high school had no swimming pool. But I guess if they paid for them they were "legitimate" pool passes.
If the Tongan government were taking payments for domains that were subsequently never registered, you'd have a point.
for the .to TLD? Such as serving the Kingdom of Tonga or entities organized in the Kingdom of Tonga in any way? Or is it just rogue?
Would you even be raising these questions if someone using a .TO domain hadn't forged a std.com address? -- Anyone who spams me will be subject to torture by Jake, my killer attack hedgehog, and/or Lizzy and Junior, my man-eating iguanas.
On October 1, 1998 at 19:28 sjsobol@nacs.net (Steven J. Sobol) wrote:
On Thu, Oct 01, 1998 at 04:22:21AM -0400, Barry Shein wrote:
In high school some upper-class students would sell incoming freshman swimming pool passes. Unfortunately, our high school had no swimming pool. But I guess if they paid for them they were "legitimate" pool passes.
If the Tongan government were taking payments for domains that were subsequently never registered, you'd have a point.
No, if they're taking money for domains which later turn out to be outside of their authority, possibly an authority lost due to mismanagement, then the point would stand. Put another way (that was an awfully bad sentence), I don't think what makes .to legitimate is the mere fact that they've taken money. If the domain is shut down the money is lost. And maybe some who thought they could buy a cool-sounding domain name in the namespace of the Kingdom of Tonga deserve what they get (big deal, they're out $100, not exactly life or death, but you get my point.)
for the .to TLD? Such as serving the Kingdom of Tonga or entities organized in the Kingdom of Tonga in any way? Or is it just rogue?
Would you even be raising these questions if someone using a .TO domain hadn't forged a std.com address?
Would anyone be interested in Timothy McVeigh if he hadn't blown up the Murrah building? I suppose not. There's such a "blame the victim" mentality here it's truly amazing. HEY: I'm the victim of some pretty vicious activity, including domain hijacking. So are many of you, no doubt. It looks like the folks who run the .to domain are making this vicious activity easier, even if just by their apparent mismanagement. The proof of that is in the pudding, these creeps keep using them. So why do so many react as if I'm the one who needs to be examined? How about the spammers? The domain hijackers? The .to domain admins? Is there just absolutely no interest in expending one bit of energy over the bad guys? Maybe some of you should really ask yourselves why you have such an urge to harass and harangue the victim. -- -Barry Shein Software Tool & Die | bzs@world.std.com | http://www.world.com Purveyors to the Trade | Voice: 617-739-0202 | Login: 617-739-WRLD The World | Public Access Internet | Since 1989 *oo*
On Thu, Oct 01, 1998 at 07:47:30PM -0400, Barry Shein wrote:
There's such a "blame the victim" mentality here it's truly amazing.
I'm not blaming you for a damned thing. I am saying you're going about fixing it in entirely the wrong way, and I already told you the correct way to deal with it, and you probably *already KNEW* the correct way to deal with it anyhow. I just need to shut up and stop responding. I'm tired of going back and forth with you when the conversation is obviously going absolutely nowhere.
Is there just absolutely no interest in expending one bit of energy over the bad guys?
Maybe some of you should really ask yourselves why you have such an urge to harass and harangue the victim.
Good lord, Barry, shut up already. Enough. Sue the perps, go after the dropboxes and dilaup accounts and/or colos or T-1's where the spewage is coming from, and get the spammer nuked. Sue his ass off. Nuke him from here to Cincinnati. But drop the arguments already. They're ridiculous. AND way off topic (though I certainly am as guilty as you are in contributing to this off-topic thread... another reason why I need to stop responding to people in this thread.) -- Anyone who spams me will be subject to torture by Jake, my killer attack hedgehog, and/or Lizzy and Junior, my man-eating iguanas.
Mr. Shein: I am the hostmaster and Administrative, Technical and Zone Contact at Tonic, the top level domain name registration authority for the .TO country code. (http://rs.internic.net/cgi-bin/whois?to5-dom). Since June 1997, our automated domain name registry at http://www.tonic.to has been facilitating the registration of .TO names as a service to the global Internet community. (Neither Tonic nor IANA policy requires the registered owner of a .TO name to be physically situated in the Kingdom of Tonga.)
We've been having increasing problems with one or more porn sites in the .to domain promoting itself by massive spamming of AOL customers using one of our domains in their From: header thus causing both complaints to us and thousands of bounces from AOL due to bad AOL addresses in their spam lists.
We are sorry to hear that you have been having problem with SPAM involving a .TO domain, and wish to draw your attention to the fact that .TO is the *only* top level domain we know of with an explicit antispam policy. We at Tonic feel strongly about spam, and believe it to be theft of service, and a very bad thing for the net in general. It is our policy to terminate the registration of a domain name involved in spam, after warning the domain name holder to cease unsolicited bulk mailings that involve a .TO name.
From our FAQ (at http://www.tonic.to/faq.htm):
Q: I'm a spammer. Is a .TO domain something I should use? Tonic feels very strongly that the sending of unsolicited bulk email ("spamming") constitutes theft of service, and we do not condone the use of .TO domain names for this purpose. If we receive complaints that a .TO domain name has been used for this purpose, we will advise the domain owner of the complaint and request that they desist from this activity. Tonic reserves the right to remove any .TO name registration if a name is used as a source of spam, or an address to which to reply to such bulk mail solicitations We have had to delete a number of .TO domains for egregious SPAM and will continue to do so in the cases where a stern warning fails to solve the problem. Please send a copy of any SPAM involving a .TO domain name to: hostmaster@tonic.to and we will warn the spammer and/or terminate the domain name registration.
Looking at the .to domain I can't help but notice it's heavily laden with what appear to be porn sites (sexonline.to, come.to, xxxhardcore.to, etc.)
In support of this assertion I want to show you an SMTP conversation with what claims to be the Consulate of the Government of Tonga in San Francisco (This San Francisco office is listed as an official Tongan contact point for visas etc by the US State Dept):
world% telnet sfconsulate.gov.to 25
Trying 209.24.51.169... Connected to sfconsulate.gov.to. Escape character is '^]'. 220 colo.to SMTP ready, Who are you gonna pretend to be today? VRFY
The .COM domain is no less "heavily laden" with porn sites. You will note that sexonline.com and xxxhardcore.com are names registered with the InterNIC. The come.to site is a free web redirection site supporting more than 100,000 customers. Furthermore, Tonic is a domain name registry, not a content censor. postmaster
500 Bloody Amateur! Proper forging of mail requires recognizable SMTP commands!
The primary nameserver for .TO is physically located at the Consulate of Tonga in San Francisco. On all our machines, we run the Obtuse smtpd/smtpfwdd SMTP store and forward proxy (http://www.obtuse.com/smtpd.html) to secure our port 25 and thereby prevent third party mail relaying, so our server cannot itself be used as a spam relay. Your reasoning as to why its responses to incorrect SMTP commands constitutes evidence that the .TO domain is "negligent", "mismanaged" and "an attractive resource for criminal activities" is ironically incorrect. In fact, having an *unsecured* port 25 open to mail relaying would be negligent. [Our thanks to the many participants in this thread who have presented views balancing those of Barry Shein.] Best regards, - Eric Gullichsen Tonic Corporation Kingdom of Tonga Network Information Center http://www.tonic.to Email: egullich@tonic.to ----- See the original message at http://www.egroups.com/list/nanog/?start=1308 -- Free e-mail group hosting at http://www.eGroups.com/
On 1 Oct 1998, Eric Gullichsen wrote:
We are sorry to hear that you have been having problem with SPAM involving a .TO domain, and wish to draw your attention to the fact that .TO is the *only* top level domain we know of with an explicit antispam policy.
Nope. Both .NU and .CC do as well off the top of my head. /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ Patrick Greenwell (800) 299-1288 v CTO (925) 377-1212 v NameSecure (925) 377-1414 f Coming to the ISPF? The Forum for ISPs by ISPs http://www.ispf.com \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/
On 10/01/98, Patrick Greenwell <patrick@namesecure.com> wrote:
On 1 Oct 1998, Eric Gullichsen wrote:
We are sorry to hear that you have been having problem with SPAM involving a .TO domain, and wish to draw your attention to the fact that .TO is the *only* top level domain we know of with an explicit antispam policy.
Nope. Both .NU and .CC do as well off the top of my head.
IIRC, TOnic was the first. -- J.D. Falk <jdfalk@cp.net> Have you hugged your backups today? Special Agent In Charge (Abuse Issues) Critical Path, Inc. ------ Critical Path is hiring in all departments! ------
With all due respect, I think your management of the .to domain is a hazard to the internet and should be ceased immediately. By your gross negligence you are providing safe haven to criminals. As of this minute, about 2:30PM EDT 10/1/98, the domain-hijacker spammers have a web address in the .to domain and are spamming/domain-forging to advertise this, as they have been doing for weeks. -Barry Shein Software Tool & Die | bzs@world.std.com | http://www.world.com Purveyors to the Trade | Voice: 617-739-0202 | Login: 617-739-WRLD The World | Public Access Internet | Since 1989 *oo* On October 1, 1998 at 07:04 egullich@tonic.to (Eric Gullichsen) wrote:
Mr. Shein:
I am the hostmaster and Administrative, Technical and Zone Contact at Tonic, the top level domain name registration authority for the .TO country code. (http://rs.internic.net/cgi-bin/whois?to5-dom).
Since June 1997, our automated domain name registry at http://www.tonic.to has been facilitating the registration of .TO names as a service to the global Internet community. (Neither Tonic nor IANA policy requires the registered owner of a .TO name to be physically situated in the Kingdom of Tonga.)
We've been having increasing problems with one or more porn sites in the .to domain promoting itself by massive spamming of AOL customers using one of our domains in their From: header thus causing both complaints to us and thousands of bounces from AOL due to bad AOL addresses in their spam lists.
We are sorry to hear that you have been having problem with SPAM involving a .TO domain, and wish to draw your attention to the fact that .TO is the *only* top level domain we know of with an explicit antispam policy. We at Tonic feel strongly about spam, and believe it to be theft of service, and a very bad thing for the net in general.
It is our policy to terminate the registration of a domain name involved in spam, after warning the domain name holder to cease unsolicited bulk mailings that involve a .TO name.
From our FAQ (at http://www.tonic.to/faq.htm):
Q: I'm a spammer. Is a .TO domain something I should use?
Tonic feels very strongly that the sending of unsolicited bulk email ("spamming") constitutes theft of service, and we do not condone the use of .TO domain names for this purpose.
If we receive complaints that a .TO domain name has been used for this purpose, we will advise the domain owner of the complaint and request that they desist from this activity. Tonic reserves the right to remove any .TO name registration if a name is used as a source of spam, or an address to which to reply to such bulk mail solicitations
We have had to delete a number of .TO domains for egregious SPAM and will continue to do so in the cases where a stern warning fails to solve the problem. Please send a copy of any SPAM involving a .TO domain name to: hostmaster@tonic.to and we will warn the spammer and/or terminate the domain name registration.
Looking at the .to domain I can't help but notice it's heavily laden with what appear to be porn sites (sexonline.to, come.to, xxxhardcore.to, etc.)
In support of this assertion I want to show you an SMTP conversation with what claims to be the Consulate of the Government of Tonga in San Francisco (This San Francisco office is listed as an official Tongan contact point for visas etc by the US State Dept):
world% telnet sfconsulate.gov.to 25
Trying 209.24.51.169... Connected to sfconsulate.gov.to. Escape character is '^]'. 220 colo.to SMTP ready, Who are you gonna pretend to be today? VRFY
The .COM domain is no less "heavily laden" with porn sites. You will note that sexonline.com and xxxhardcore.com are names registered with the InterNIC. The come.to site is a free web redirection site supporting more than 100,000 customers. Furthermore, Tonic is a domain name registry, not a content censor. postmaster
500 Bloody Amateur! Proper forging of mail requires recognizable SMTP commands!
The primary nameserver for .TO is physically located at the Consulate of Tonga in San Francisco. On all our machines, we run the Obtuse smtpd/smtpfwdd SMTP store and forward proxy (http://www.obtuse.com/smtpd.html) to secure our port 25 and thereby prevent third party mail relaying, so our server cannot itself be used as a spam relay.
Your reasoning as to why its responses to incorrect SMTP commands constitutes evidence that the .TO domain is "negligent", "mismanaged" and "an attractive resource for criminal activities" is ironically incorrect. In fact, having an *unsecured* port 25 open to mail relaying would be negligent.
[Our thanks to the many participants in this thread who have presented views balancing those of Barry Shein.]
Best regards,
- Eric Gullichsen Tonic Corporation Kingdom of Tonga Network Information Center http://www.tonic.to Email: egullich@tonic.to
----- See the original message at http://www.egroups.com/list/nanog/?start=1308 -- Free e-mail group hosting at http://www.eGroups.com/
Please provide copies of any email or transcripts of phone conversations between you and TONIC about these spammers. I'm sure that TONIC would have cut them off if you had legitimate complaints. Even if they didn't, they have no more *obligation* to do so than NSI has to remove a spammer from COM or ISI has to remove a spammer from US. The Kingdom of Tonga has made a policy decision regarding a national asset. That is their right to do, just as it's the US's right to ruin the scenery at Niagara Falls and other national parks by allowing commercialization. This is an issue between you, TONIC, and IANA. Leave NANOG out of it. Stephen (not Cisco) Barry Shein wrote:
With all due respect, I think your management of the .to domain is a hazard to the internet and should be ceased immediately. By your gross negligence you are providing safe haven to criminals.
As of this minute, about 2:30PM EDT 10/1/98, the domain-hijacker spammers have a web address in the .to domain and are spamming/domain-forging to advertise this, as they have been doing for weeks.
-- | | Stephen Sprunk, KD5DWP, CCIE #3723 :|: :|: NSA, Network Consulting Engineer :|||: :|||: 14875 Landmark Blvd #400; Dallas, TX .:|||||||:..:|||||||:. Pager: 800-365-4578 / 800-901-6078 C I S C O S Y S T E M S Email: ssprunk@cisco.com
On Thu, Oct 01, 1998 at 02:33:39PM -0400, Barry Shein wrote:
With all due respect, I think your management of the .to domain is a hazard to the internet and should be ceased immediately. By your gross negligence you are providing safe haven to criminals.
I will bet $5 right now that Barry hadn't even spoken to anyone at TONIC until now. -- Anyone who spams me will be subject to torture by Jake, my killer attack hedgehog, and/or Lizzy and Junior, my man-eating iguanas.
participants (11)
-
Aaron Goldblatt -
Alex "Mr. Worf" Yuriev -
Andy Walden -
Barry Shein -
Eric Gullichsen -
J.D. Falk -
Jay R. Ashworth -
Nathan J. Mehl -
Patrick Greenwell -
Stephen Sprunk -
Steven J. Sobol